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informal.

When an old person decides to stop working, the verb for this is retire. In most countries, people retire around age 65.

1.2PRESENT PERFECT

The Present Perfect is formed with the auxiliary to have in the Present Indefinite + the Past Participle: I have just finished my work.

The Past Participle in regular verbs has exactly the same form as the Past Indefinite: loved, walked, etc.

The negative is formed by adding not to the auxiliary to have in the Present Indefinite + the Past Participle.

The interrogative is formed by placing the auxiliary verb before the subject.

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The Present Perfect is used to indicate a completed action the result of which is felt at the moment of speech or an action, which began at a certain moment of the past time but is still going on now.

The Present Perfect is used to denote:

1)an accomplished action which is viewed from the moment of speaking as part of the present situation. Attention is centred on the action itself or on the result of the action: I've changed everything.

2)a recent action when the time is not mentioned: I have read the instructions but I don't understand them.

3)an action which began in the past and is still continuing (with verbs which are not used in the Continuous form) or an action which began in the past and is finishing at the moment of speaking: I have known him since childhood. He has lived here all his life (he still lives here). It has been very cold lately but it is beginning to get a bit warmer.

4)opening up a conversation, introducing a new topic or summing up a situation: I'm afraid I've been terribly boring and talked too much.

5)news reporting; the use of this tense makes the event seem immediate and of direct reference to the present: The Prime Minister has announced that taxes are to increase from the beginning of next year.

6)an action in clauses of time and condition after the prepositions when, after, as soon as to indicate the completion of the action:

I'll give you back your ring when I've found it.

The following words and time expressions can be used with the

Present Perfect:

today/ this week/ month / year, etc. denoting an incomplete period of time: Have you seen him today? (= at any time today).

just, lately, recently, yet (in negative sentences and in interrogative sentences when it corresponds to the Russian word "уже"), already (in affirmative sentences; and in interrogative sentences to express surprise), ever, never, before, and in some cases always: He has just gone out. I

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have seen wolves in that forest lately. I haven't finished my work yet.

Has he come back yet? You have already solved this problem. Have you read the book already?! I have never been to Italy. “What is the point?” “I have made it clear enough before.” We have always lived in this town.

for (used with the period of time), since (used with the beginning of the period of time): We have lived in London for 10 years / for a long time. She has been here since 8 o'clock/ since she left Moscow.

E X E R C I S E S

1. Transform into negative and interrogative forms.

1)She has already done her homework.

2)He has always lived here.

3)She has been here several times before.

4)We have just listened to the story.

5)They have already received a new flat.

6)I have already passed my driving test.

7)I have already found a good job.

8)He has tried to give up smoking 5 times this year.

9)We have met a lot of interesting people for one year.

10)He has studied very hard this term.

2. Transform into an interrogative form according to the model.

Model: I have known him for 5 years (since 1980).

How long have you known him?

Since when (what time) have you known him?

1)Tom and I have known each other for 20 years already.

2)Since Christmas the weather has been bad.

3)Ann has been on holiday for 3 days.

4)He has had his car since February.

5)Bob and Mary have been married for 5 years.

6)He hasn't been at home for 2 weeks.

7)Three days have passed since the beginning of the 1st term.

8)He hasn't been to the theatre for a long time.

9)They haven't seen each other since they graduated from the Institute.

10)He has studied very hard for 2 years.

3. Put in: yet or already.

Mike: Haven't you cleaned the bathroom (1) yet?

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15) We (not to see) each other since that evening at Mr. Grey.

6. Combine the given phrases. Translate what is given in the righthand column.

4)Steve has lived in Germany A) с тех пор, кàк зàкончил школу

B)с детствà

C)всю свою жизнь

D)10 лет

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7. Use adverbs or adverbial phrases given in the right-hand column

instead of the underlined ones. Change the tense if necessary.

B)today

C)just now

D)already

E)half an hour ago

1)I have been to Paris recently. A) 2 days ago

B)never

C)once

D)several times

E)lately

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