Информационные технологии и робототехника

molded part may have a thousand features, and modifying an early feature may cause later features to fail. Skillfully created parametric models are easier to maintain and modify.

Parametric modeling also lends itself to data re-use. A whole family of cap screws can be contained in one model, for example.

Animation of a computer generated character is sure to be an example of parametric modeling. Characters in animated cartoons are often described by parameters which locate key body positions. The models are then built of these locations. The parameters are modified, and the models rebuilt for each frame to create animation.

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Unit 10

I. Переведите следующие интернациональные слова на русский язык. Определите случаи расхождения значения слов «ложных друзей переводчика».

a)без словаря:

laboratory, copy, mass, telemedicine, present, deformation, risk, stop, intuitively, scale, phase, metal, address, tactile, patient, contour.

b)со словарем:

object, probe, accurate, complex, clay, sensation, simulate, examine.

II. Переведите на русский язык атрибутивные группы, используя различные способы перевода.

Object deformation, model features, surface texture, surface texture simulation, surface texture simulation process, user performance, user

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performance enhancement, clay and foam modeling skill, force feedback, entertainment software industry.

III. Определите, что объединяет эту группу существительных, образуйте от них глаголы и переведите их.

Mirror, point, scale, force, cause, move, sense, touch, hop, land, arm, trace, dimension, benefit.

Reform, refound, reorder, reorient, rescale, reoccupy, renumber, recreate, recharge, reorganize, reoccupy, reboot.

V. На основе словообразовательных элементов определите, к каким частям речи относятся следующие слова и переведите их на русский язык.

Operate, operation, operator, operating, operational, operationability, operative.

Represent, representation, representability, representativeness, representativity.

System, systematize, systemize, systematization, systematic, systematist, systematically, systemless.

Mechanics, mechanize, mechanism, mechanical, mechanically, mechanization.

VI. Переведите следующие словосочетания на русский язык, постарайтесь выбрать правильное значение многозначных слов при помощи узкого контекста.

1.Special feature, special interests, special reason, special training in some field, special privilege, special mission, special correspondent, special case.

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2.Sophisticated tools, sophisticated taste, sophisticated research techniques, sophisticated traveller, sophisticated text, sophisticated manners.

VII. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на выделенные части речи.

1. То deliver a more natural experience this technology engages a third sense - touch. Our plants experience great difficulties, because they lack up-to-date equipment. His life experience helped him to withstand a lot of hardships.

2.By exerting more pressure the user can cause deformation of the object. We object to his taking part in this research.

3.To locate and clear land mines is risky business. The clear advantage of this system is its novelty. 1 should make clear that my point of view is an unconventional one.

4.At the World Expo in Nagoya robot Wakamam will address visitors in four languages. 1 couldn't write to you because I had lost your address. After the president had delivered his opening address, the congress began its work.

5.He has made great progress in studying English. Preparations for a set of new experiments in our laboratory are in progress. The progress in the development of robotics all over the world is evident. How far has AI been able to progress to date?

6.The experimental results will soon be published in a new issue of this journal. An excellent agreement between the model calculations and actual parameters results. The progress in electronics has resulted in the inventions of computers. These achievements result from a complete change of methods of work of our research team.

VIII. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на многозначность слова «опсе» (однажды, если, когда, как только, «at опсе» - сразу).

1.Once data is in a microcomputer it is processed by the microprocessor and its associated integrated circuit chip.

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2.Once entered, data is moved to memory for processing.

3.It is surprising how simple many problems of physics become, once the meaning of each concept involved is completely understood.

4.His ideas seemed so strange at first that they were not accepted at once.

5.Once the goal was clear, the collaboration of scientists expanded.

6.Once the robot scientist had conducted initial tests it used the outcomes to make a subsequent set of guesses.

7.Once a bot has hardware that can see reliably, it needs software that can think and steer.

IX. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на многозначность слова «provide» (давать, обеспечивать, снабжать, представлять собой; provided (that) при условии, если только, при условии, что...)

1.We are going to discuss the results of the experiments provided by our research laboratories.

2.The internet provides a vast and diverse source of information.

3.The hard disk provides greater storage space than a floppy disk.

4.The provision for environment protection at present is a problem to be solved.

5.Provided the instruments are up-to-date and reliable, our experiments will be successful.

6.We could have given a proper answer to your question provided we had had more time.

7.With so many users in the Internet and their number is growing by 200 percent annually it certainly provides new challenges for the telephone companies.

8.Provided (that) there are no objections we'll go on our discussions.

9.Unix provides multitasking which allows simultaneous programs to be shared by several users at one time.

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X. проанализируйте следующие предложения, содержащие герундий и герундиальные обороты. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

a.

1.Moving along a surface provides tactile information about the surface texture.

2.Protecting data from electronic invaders is a very serious problem.

3.It is worth remarking that TouchSense technology is very unusual.

4.This device is capable of tracking changes in body temperature.

5.Planning is the single most important step in creating a successful database.

6.Microcomputers are the logical choice of computer studies today because they are capable of performing so many tasks that are relevant to modern workplaces, schools and houses.

7.Without having improved the properties of this material one can not expect getting better results.

8.There are a lot of ways of improving this project.

b.

1.It is evident that there is no hope of our finding a proper solution to the problem at present.

2.We know of Lobachevsky's having developed a new geometry different from that of Euclid.

3.We insisted on their following the usual procedure.

4.Besides its being used as an everyday word the term "work" has a special meaning in mechanics.

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XI. Выполните полный письменный перевод текста, обращая внимание на перевод герундия и герундиальных оборотов.

Текст

TouchSense Fundamentally Changes the Way People Interact with Computers

When you sit down at a computer, you typically use two senses: sight and hearing. TouchSense technology engages a third sense—touch—to deliver a more natural experience. Instead of just pointing at elements on screen, the cursor becomes an extension of your hand. The world inside your computer takes on realistic textures to deliver sensations you can feel.

Game players are rewarded with a richer, more realistic experience. Shopping online? What if you could touch items before making your purchase? The applications of TouchSense technology are endless, with benefits for any computer user.

The scientists from Immersion Corporation began their research in TouchSense technology with 3D modeling and Computer Aided Design (CAD). Their first invention was a device that traces the contours of a physical object and then renders a 3D model of it on screen. Next, they decided to explore tactile communication in the other direction - from computer to human. The goal of the research was to make this breakthrough experience affordable for the average computer user. The work started by devising medical and scientific applications of TouchSense Technology that let doctors and medical students practice surgical procedures in a realistic, yet more cost-effective way. From there, it was a short hop to the entertainment software industry.

TouchSense devices are neither purely electronic nor simply mechanical. They're both. As electro-mechanical devices, they translate digital information into physical sensations. For example, when you push on a mouse or a joystick, the device pushes back—using magnetic actuators and sensors built into the device. Technically speaking, this process is called force feedback.

Touch is the human sense a computer can address. It's called haptics, from the Greek haptesthai, meaning to grasp or touch. The earliest haptic devices for computers were Braille readers. With them, a blind user can move his finger along a line of metal pins that form a Braille

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representation of the current on-screen line of text. There are now a few more devices that use haptic technology. Among the earliest, developed a few years ago, were joysticks and similar gaming controls that employed force feedback.

The newest devices are haptic mice from Fremont, Calif.-based Logitech Inc. that use a vibration-generating motor to simulate different surface textures and materials.

But there are more sophisticated haptic tools available. Perhaps the best-known is the Phantom from SensAble Technologies Inc. in Woburn, Mass. This device employs a moving arm that ends in a stylus for the user to hold or a thimble into which the user inserts a finger.

These are used in conjunction with software called the FreeForm Modeling System. As the user moves the device's arm, a cursor moves around the screen. Using the device, if one encounters a "solid" object in the on-screen universe, the arm is stopped. Moving along a surface provides tactile information about the surface's texture, and the user can readily and intuitively sense curves and corners and, by exerting more pressure, cause deformation of the object.

Using "digital clay" as a sculpting medium, this system essentially does for clay and foam modeling what the word processor did for typing. The process may not be faster for creating the first object, but once that's captured, it can be manipulated, modified and rescaled digitally. The artist can copy and reuse model features, control the hardness and surface smoothness of the clay, and mirror and scale objects - and, of course, "undo" is just a keystroke away.

There are many potential practical applications for haptic devices in training people to develop and practice specific motor skills, such as in the field of medicine. One use is for training in surgical procedures. Another is in telemedicine, where a doctor can physically examine and palpate areas on a patient's body, receiving accurate and informative tactile feedback even though the patient and doctor are in different locations.

Locating and clearing land mines is risky business, but haptic technology can help significantly in training. The system presents the trainee with a basic representation of the area to be investigated, and, using a standard-issue military probe attached to the Phantom, he has to locate possible mines by gently inserting a virtual representation of the probe into the on-screen "ground."

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Once a definite contact has been made, the trainee continues probing until a recognizable pattern of penetrations has been made. The clear advantage of the system is that it lets people make beginners' mistakes without being killed.

Haptics is also being investigated as a tool for analyzing data. Just as color and graphical representations have enhanced the ability to manipulate and understand masses of data, haptics may contribute to the ability to sense additional dimensions in a single view.

XII. Выполните аннотационный перевод текста, в соответствии с требованиями, предъявляемыми к данному виду перевода.

Текст

Smart Skin

One day, your baby monitor will alert you to a great deal more than a crying fit down the hall. Thanks to hundreds of tiny wireless sensors laced into your baby's clothing, you'll be alerted to the slightest changes in temperature, pulse, or movement. Whether your baby develops a fever or has trouble breathing, you'll know about it—in a matter of seconds.

At the University of Texas at Arlington, Zeynep Celik-Butler and Donald Butler are well on their way to creating that sort of all-knowing baby monitor. Just as other scientists are building flexible computer chips and displays, this husband and wife team is working to build flexible micro-sensors, tiny devices supple enough to sit inside a window curtain or an ordinary piece of clothing yet smart enough to detect changes in their immediate surroundings.

"We were watching all the work being done to build transistors and light-emitting diodes on flexible substrates," says Donald Butler, "and we thought, 'Why not put sensors on a flexible substrate as well?"

They call their project Smart Skin, and they've already demonstrated a prototype that monitors infrared radiation, which means it's also capable of tracking changes in body temperature. In the near future, they hope to build devices that respond to all sorts of other stimuli. "We plan to duplicate another sensing ability of the skin," says Zeynep CelikButler. "Creating devices that detect touch and pressure." Her husband envisions sensors that monitor changes in air flow, alerting you to, say, an open window or a gas leak.

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Their prototype begins with a flexible polymer substrate that can withstand temperatures as high as 752° Fahrenheit. The higher the temperature, the easier it is to deposit the sensing materials on the substrate. In this case, the micro-sensors are made of yttrium barium copper oxide, a material that responds to infrared radiation.

The project, funded by the National Science Foundation, still has another five years to run. So we may be well into the next decade before such devices are commercialized. There are any number of places these sensors could reside, and any number of things they could monitor.

Woven into the uniform of a combat soldier, the sensors might detect toxic chemicals or bacterial agents floating through the air. Worn by a diabetic—just under the skin—they could track insulin and glucose levels. Donald Butler suggests they might soon find a home in the world of robotics. A NASA machine, for instance, could carefully track its surroundings as it moves across Mars or the moon. And then, of course, there's the baby monitor—with a capital M.

XIII. Сравните два текста, найдите ошибки в переводе.

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