Иностранный язык в профессиональной деятельности (первый) (английский)

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them from doing so. In a very real sense, once an antiquity enters the private market, it is lost to us.

Today most of the antiquities available on the market are the product of some sort of criminal activity, be it illegal digging, smuggling or illicit sale. They represent the wilfol destruction of the past purely for profit.

Trafficking in Cultural Property: Organized Crime and the Theft of Our

Past35

Transnational organized crime is often associated with cross-border activities such as trafficking in arms, drugs and human beings. This link is often overlooked, however, when it comes to the issue of trafficking in cultural property. While there is evidence of a substantial amount of looting around the world, actions to combat trafficking in cultural property have so far not matched either the gravity or the extent of the crime. Despite well-established agreements and legislation by bodies such as the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) to curb the buying and selling of illegally excavated artefacts, it is only in recent years that international efforts to tackle the role of the organized criminal networks that perpetrate this crime have come to the fore.

Most recently, at the sixth session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime trafficking in cultural property was recognized as an important aspect to be dealt with.

Regrettably, in many source countries there is continuing evidence of widespread looting, often by organized gangs with clear hierarchical structures whose sole aim is to profit financially. Not only does this fuel transnational organized crime (given that most objects are transported internationally) but it also destroys the historical context of items and the ability to gather knowledge about the past and build an understanding of our collective history. In addition, it has an immeasurable impact on the cultural identities of the source countries.

While the scale of this crime is extensive, the value of trafficking in cultural property is very difficult to quantify. As a highly clandestine crime, and one in which illegal items are invariably mixed with legal ones, it is difficult to distinguish between licit and illicit trade.

With such groups increasingly involved in trafficking in cultural property, llirough both legitimate channels, such as auctions and the Internet, and underground illicit markets, this crime is a concern that affects all countries.

35 Излагается по: Дубинко, С.А. Профессиональный английский язык в сфере таможенного дела: учеб.-метод. пособие / С.А. Дубинко [и др.]. – Мн.: БГУ, 2017. – 139 с. – С.100–101.

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Evidence points to the interconnectedness of transnational organized crime, with networks employing the same routes and modi operandi to move cultural property as they use to move drugs, illicit arms and other materials. Trafficking in cultural property is also becoming an important source for the laundering of the proceeds of crime.

In response to trafficking in cultural property, UNODC works to harness the potential of the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime. Many of the provisions of the Convention are relevant in that regard and ultimately empower States parties to rally against transnational crime to protect their common eultural heritage.

UNODC also works in other ways, on the ground, to counter this threat. In 2003, UNODC established the Container Control Programme in partnership with the World Customs Organization. While initially established to help countries intercept dmg shipments, the programme has increasingly assisted in identifying illegal movements of other goods, including cultural property. Officers who had been trained as part of the programme were recently able to seize, among other items, two seventeenthand eighteenth-century canons that had been stolen from the UNESCO World Heritage Site Fort of San Lorenzo in Panama (and which were illegally declared as scrap metal). In the same container, four century-old railroad wheels from the first Panama Canal railroad were discovered being illegally removed. As with the vast amount of other items stolen each and every year, the theft of these artefacts would have represented a historical loss for not only the citizens of the country concerned, but also for humankind in general.

The Internet Market in Antiquities36

Since the launch of eBay in 1995, the Internet market in antiquities has grown into a sophisticated and diversified commercial operation (Barker 2000; Bruhns 2000; Chippindale and Gill 2001; Lidington 2002; Fay 2011). By 2014, antiquities from most countries in the world could be bought online in many other countries of the world. Alongside the continuing existence of eBay, which offers a platform enabling private transactions through auction, more traditional businesses have established themselves, including companies selling directly to the public from virtual ―galleries‖ (termed here ―Internet dealers‖), and companies offering material lor online auction (termed ―Internet auctions‖). Just as notable was the appearance of Internet malls or marketplaces.

36 Излагается по: Дубинко, С.А. Профессиональный английский язык в сфере таможенного дела: учеб.-метод. пособие / С.А. Дубинко [и др.]. – Мн.: БГУ, 2017. – 139 с.

– С.101–103.

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These Internet malls gather together on one website links to a range of merchants or ―members‖, all offering related types of material. The Trocadero marketplace, for example, links to the inventories of dealers in art and antiques, including antiquities. Potential customers visiting the Trocadero website can search or browse according to material or vendor. VCoins, as its name suggests, is a venue for the purchase and sale of coins, including ancient coins. In February 2015, it listed 137 ancient coin dealers offering between them 91,764 items with a total asking price of $22,897,792. Many of the listed dealers also sold antiquities. The Internet market allows the participation of antiquities collectors from a much broader range of socioeconomic backgrounds than was previously the case. It works against traditional merchants who maintain physical galleries in expensive locations such as New York or London and favors a new business model whereby large inventories can be stored in low-cost locations, thus making it financially viable to trade in lowvalue and potentially high-volume material. It also brings geographically distant buyers and sellers together in electronic space. Individuals in Malaysia, for example, can sell directly to customers in the U.S.A by offering material on eBay U.S.A.

Most antiquities are sold on the Internet without any secure documentation of provenance (ownership history) or find spot. Unprovenanced antiquities of this sort are known often to have been excavated and traded in contravention of national or international laws - they have been stolen and smuggled. The fact that antiquities sold on the Internet are of poorer quality than those that have been traditionally traded indicates that archaeological sites or cultural institutions that previously would not have been worth looting and thus left intact are now viewed in a more lucrative light and targeted accordingly.

Archaeologists, merchants and customers alike also believe the Internet market to be riddled with fakes. Yet, as an alternative to eBay merchants unsurprisingly recommended firstly, to purchase from established auction houses or dealers, particularly from those who are members of professional associations, and, secondly, to buy from dealers offering an unconditional guarantee of authenticity for sold objects. Trocadero and VCoins also look to have been exercised about the debilitating effect of fakes on market confidence. Both strongly proscribed misrepresentation of objects offered for sale and reserved the right to discontinue members who failed to comply with their rules on the issue. Thus the expanding Internet market has had a destructive effect on the world‘s archaeological and cultural heritage and a detrimental effect on historical scholarship.

In response to growing concerns about the Internet market, UNESCO, INTERPOL and ICOM issued a joint statement in 2006. The statement recommended several actions that might obstruct the sale of illicitly-traded

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antiquities - in particular, that the following disclaimer be posted on any website offering antiquities for sale.

With regard to cultural objects proposed for sale, and before buying them, buyers are advised to: i) check and request a verification of the licit provenance of the object, including documents providing evidence of legal export (and possibly import) of the object likely to have been imported; ii) request evidence of the seller‘s legal title. In case of doubt, check primarily with the national authorities of the country of origin and INTERPOL, and possibly with UNESCO or ICOM (UNESCO 2006).

Some Case Studies37

Stolen Coptic manuscripts from Egypt Starting in February 2003, the St. Shenouda the Archimandrite Coptic Society, based in California, U.S.A., purchased 189 items on eBay, comprising parts of 22 different Coptic manuscripts, from 12 different sellers (Takla 2014). Many of the manuscripts had most likely been smuggled out of Egypt whole, and were sold whole on eBay or else dismembered and sold as lots of one or more pages. Perhaps 12 of the manuscripts had passed through the hands of one seller, resident in Turkey, who had been auctioning whole manuscripts and individual pages. Some of the material he had handled was later resold by three other people acting independently of one another. He also sold some intact manuscripts to a US-based husband and wife team, who in turn dismembered them before selling individual pages on eBay. It was established from following the sales history of one single manuscript that individual pages had been sold in at least 338 transactions to 70 buyers in 10 countries. The total price for all identified pieces was $11,558, with the lowest price being $601.89 and the highest $1,660.50. The purchase of what might be stolen Coptic manuscripts of Egyptian origin by the US-based Coptic Society might be morally justifiable but is legally questionable.

Stolen antiquities from the Egyptian archaeological site of Ma‘adi In 2004, various objects from the Egyptian Predynastic site of Ma‘adi began appearing on

Internet dealer sites and for physical auction. They had been stolen from a storage facility at Cairo University in 2002 and offered for sale with a false provenance. US Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) established that the material had been smuggled out of Egypt by a US Army helicopter pilot and sold to a US-based antiquities dealer who also sold online. She then sold the more valuable stone bowls through physical auctions in London and New York and the less valuable

37 Излагается по: Дубинко, С.А. Профессиональный английский язык в сфере таможенного дела: учеб.-метод. пособие / С.А. Дубинко [и др.]. – Мн.: БГУ, 2017. – 139 с. – С.103–104.

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pottery by private sale to other Internet dealers who in turn resold the material online. In 2008 the helicopter pilot pled guilty to a charge of possession and sale of stolen antiquities and 79 objects were returned to Egypt.

Illegally excavated coins from Bulgaria Since the 1990s, large quantities of coins said to be from Bulgaria have been offered for sale on the Internet. Before 2007, when Bulgaria joined the European Union, it seems likely that the country was sometimes being used as a fictional findspot for coins actually found in the EU. It is also believed that many of the coins are fake. Nevertheless, even leaving aside material from outside Bulgaria and fakes, there has been a very large and damaging trade in genuine coins from Bulgaria. In June 2011, for example, Canada returned 21,000 coins and pieces of jewellery that had been smuggled into Canada from Bulgaria in 2008 and seized by police (Canadian Heritage 2011). In May 2013 ICE returned from the U.S.A 546 coins that had been arrived in Newark by mail from Bulgaria in 2011 (ICE 2013). More is known about the activities of one Bulgarian dealer based in the U.S.A. He moved to the U.S.A in 1999 after facing charges in Bulgaria related to antiquities smuggling. In March 1999, two parcels addressed to the dealer weighing between them 60 kg and containing between them 19,860 coins were seized at Frankfurt Airport (Dietrich 2002). Customs documentation stated that the coins had been bought a trade fair in Munich. Further investigations by German customs established that the same dealer had transited several previous shipments through Frankfurt, weighing in total close to one metric ton. This would be about 350,000 coins in total (Elkin 2009: 484). In December 2000, because of procedural difficulties, German customs released the material back to the owner, for shipment onwards to the U.S.A. Until June 2007, the dealer was selling coins on eBay. It is estimated from eBay records that between 2000 and 2007 he would have made $1,251,994 from coin sales (Campbell 2013: 131).

The Nebuchadnezzar Larsa bricks from Iraq Since 2005, it has been possible to find examples of objects looted from Iraq and Syria for sale on the Internet. One glaring example is that of the Nebuchadnezzar Larsa bricks (Brodie 2011: 125126). Each of these clay bricks carries an identical Neo-Babylonian inscription celebrating King Nebuchadnezzar II‘s restoration of the temple of Shamash in

Larsa. Images of bricks show that they have been sawn down in size to facilitate illegal transport from Iraq. The faces of whole bricks measure something like 3 4 x 3 3 cm, while those of pieces offered for sale are in the region of 19 x 11 cm. The bricks are thought to have been taken from the site of Larsa when it was badly looted in 2003. They started appearing for sale on eBay and other Internet sites in about 2005. To date, more than ten different ones have been identified. On 12 February 2015, one US-based seller was offering a brick for $1,900. He claimed to have bought five in 2005. A UK-based dealer was offering a similar brick for $2,289.

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3.ПРАКТИКИЧЕСКАЯ ЧАСТЬ

3.1.ОСОБЕННОСТИ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ ГРАММАТИЧЕСКИХ КОНСТРУКЦИЙ С НЕЛИЧНЫМИ ФОРМАМИ

3.1.1.Infinitive38

I.Underline the correct forms of the infinitive.

1.Helen can't have been trying/ to have tried to call us all day. The phone hasn't rung once.

2.I like to give /to be given presents to friends, but even more I like to give / to be given gifts.

3.He was sorry not to notice /not to have noticed the fax on the secretary's table.

4.The third key remained to have been tested/ to be tested.

5.That woman is still sitting. She seems to be waiting/to have been waiting over an hour.

6.I intended to have been reminded/ to have reminded you of it earlier.

7.Jack appears to overtake / to have overtaken John on the last lap. – Yes, let's go and congratulate him!

8.How can she work/be working in the garden now? It is already dark.

9.This meeting, Edwina realized, must have planned / have been planned several hours ago.

10.The man seemed to study / to be studying me and I felt uneasy in his presence.

11.Progress might be/have been all right once, but it has gone on too long.

12.Many buildings were reported to have damaged/ to have been damaged by the fire.

13.I'd rather walk/have walked a little before going to bed later tonight.

14.If happiness could buy /be bought, few of us could pay/be paid the price.

II.Fill in the correct forms of the infinitives.

1.How fortunate he is (to travel) all over the world and (to see) so much of it.

2.Everybody is going (to give) a rise.

3.He kept late hours last night, he may still (to sleep).

4.She seems (to work) at her course paper since spring and says she has still a lot- (to do).

5.She must (to be) very beautiful years ago.

6.The manuscript appears (to write) in Greek.

38 Излагается по: Бендецкая, М.Е. Практическая грамматика: инфинитив / М.Е. Бендецкая

[и др.]. – Мн.: Лексис, 2012. – 112 с.

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7.This book is likely (to publish) and (to appear) on sale pretty soon.

8.He was seen (to disappear) in the distance.

9.The book was believed (to lose) until the librarian found it during the inventory. It turned out (to misplace).

10.It was (to be) a non-stop flight, but the plane had to make a forced landing.

11.I'd sooner (to stay) at home than see this play.

12.Office affairs are easy (to begin) and difficult (to finish).

13.In the morning he was nowhere (to see).

14.Half of the modern medicines could well (to throw) out of the window except that the birds might (to eat) them.

III.Translate into English.

1.Я рад, что дал вам эту книгу.

2.Я рад, что мне дали эту книгу.

3.Мы хотим проинформировать вас об этом.

4.Мы хотим, чтобы нас проинформировали об этом.

5.Мы рады, что встретили его на станции.

6.Мы рады, что нас встретили на станции.

7.Они очень довольны, что их пригласили на конференцию.

8.Они очень довольны, что пригласили вас на конференцию.

9.Я не думал прерывать ее.

10.Я не предполагал, что меня прервут.

11.Мне неловко, что я причинил вам столько беспокойства.

12.Он будет счастлив, что повидался с вами.

13.Он, казалось, подыскивал нужные слова.

14.Ему повезло, что он побывал в такой интересной поездке

15.Он терпеть не может, когда над ним шутят.

16.Дети любят, когда им рассказывают сказки.

17.Вы, кажется, уже давно здесь сидите.

18.Посмотрите на него! Он, очевидно, решает какую-то важную задачу.

IV. Supply the missing marker TO.

1.He never let himself be angry.

2.I have look after the children as well as feed the animals.

3.You'd better not say what you think.

4.You may as well tell us the truth.

5.I used live in a caravan.

6.Where would you like have lunch?

7.You must take care not offend her.

8.I don't want them think you in the wrong.

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9.The least we can do is try and understand this idea.

10.Mrs. Carey rose help her lay the cloth.

11.People sometimes hurt you, but it is not because they mean.

12.It heartened Mary hear him speak so lightly.

13.Lisa felt herself grow red to the tips of her toes.

14.He was seen sneak quietly in the room.

15.Jack couldn't get his car start.

16.It's easier do it yourself than explain to somebody else how do it.

17.Live all you can. It's a mistake not.

V. Use the form of the infinitive. Insert the marker TO where necessary.

1.Let's (not stay out) long.

2.I could not but (admit) that he was right.

3.How dare you (open) my letters!

4.He was heard (knock) on the door twice.

5.Could you help me (carry) this bag?

6.You oughtn't (show) your feelings.

7.I'd rather (go) for a walk in the rain than (do) nothing at all.

8.Susan must (oversleep), because it's 10 am and she's not in the office yet.

9.I'm sorry, I should (let) you know about it long ago.

10.I heard the door (open) and saw a shadow (move) across the floor.

11.Need we really (leave) so early?

12.I have never known him (speak) so rudely before.

13.There is nothing (do) but (wait) till somebody comes (let) us out.

14.She had the child (drink) a glass of warm milk.

15.The kidnappers told the parents (not inform) the police, and the parents didn't dare (disobey).

16.Will we need (show) our passports?

17.(Take) him seriously and (follow) his advice was absurd.

18."If you've got nothing to say," I said, "why (try) (say) it? Why not (have) a little rest?"

19.There was one announcement (make).

20.She hoped (accomplish) the task by the end of the week, but she failed.

21.All I wanted (do) was (cut) the formalities short.

22.I'm sorry (disappoint) you but I can't let you (have) any money till the end of the month.

23.You are (not mention) this to anyone.

24.I think he must (suffer) from injury now.

25.He is expected (arrive) in a few days.

26.I haven't done much for you. You might (ask) much more at that time.

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27.It's very interesting (hear) you (say) that.

28.She noticed that he seemed (look) at the sideboard and with her engaging smile leaned forward.

29.She bade me (come) in.

30.She liked (like), (think) worthy of confidence.

VI. Paraphrase the following sentences starting with the words given.

1.He aims to become a top chef by the age of 30. His aim _________________________________

2.We have to cut costs. It's the only way the company can survive. The only way _____________________________

3.Discussing problems with a friend can be helpful.

It ______________________________________

4.I have come to congratulate you and to wish you every success. What I have come for ______________________

5.There was no necessity to redo it.

I ______________________________________

6.He wrote abstracts of articles on the subject of research. That was his job. His job _________________________________

7.Worrying and fussing was useless.

To worry _______________________________

8.All they wanted was to make themselves understood. To make _________________________________

9.You should take a long rest. This is the only thing that could do you good. The only thing _______________________________.

10.The question is not easy to answer.

It ___________________________________________

11.I must ask you a few questions on the matter. It is my duty. It's my duty ____________________________________

12.You are to check up the results of the observations. It's your next task. Your next task __________________________________

13.The sculpture was completely ruined. The restoration was impossible. It ____________________________________________

14.I didn't want to offend you. That was the last thing I meant.

The last thing ___________________________________

VII. Find and correct the mistakes if there are any.

1.Is your friend easy to deal with?

2.All I want to do is to help you.

3.Her neighbour was difficult to have talked to.

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4.The best thing to do now is to be seen what turn things will take.

5.The most exciting experience he had ever had was to see himself in a film for the first time.

6.It really hurts me to be going away.

7.Bad habits are easily to acquire and hardly to break.

8.The house was charming to look at, but rather inconvenient to live.

9.It was very kind of you to have helped me change the wheel.

10.The Gadfly was difficult to be convinced.

11.It would be very hard to be found out his true identity.

12.Not to act sooner is his greatest regret.

13.This phenomenon is difficult to explain it.

VIII. Translate the fragments in brackets into English.

1.My way of joking (говорить) the truth. It is the funniest joke in the world.

2.The most he could do at the moment (было дать) me a cup of tea.

3.The reason of his success (будет легко понять).

4.The quickest way of ending a war (проиграть) it.

5.His behaviour (нелегко одобрить).

6.I belonged to neither groups, and to speak was (принимать) sides.

7.The date of the letter (было невозможно разобрать).

8.To be great (быть непонятым).

9.Her attitude to her duties (будет нелегко смириться).

IX. Open the brackets paying attention to the form of the infinitive.

1.I don't want (to go) swimming. I'd rather (to play) tennis.

2.I am not sure what Mike is doing right now. He might (to sit) at home.

3.We are enjoying our holiday, though the weather could (to be) better.

4.A good home must (to make), not (to buy).

5.You shouldn't (to take) that book. You know it's wrong to steal.

6.It must (to snow) heavily, have a look, the ground and all the trees are white.

7.This problem might (to deal with) long time ago. Why should I remind you that?

8.The best and most beautiful things in the world cannot (to see) or even (to touch). They must (to feel) within the heart.

9.We could (to buy) a small yacht with what we spent on our dog and all the things he destroyed. Then again, how many yachts wait by the door all day for your return?

X.Open the brackets using the appropriate form of the infinitive.

1.He proved (to be) a very experienced worker.

2.He was seen (to cross) the street and (to turn) round the corner.