Иностранный язык в профессиональной деятельности (первый) (английский)

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by almost 60 per cent in 2013-14 with several deliberate attempts at concealing handguns in international mail.

Traditionally, illicit tobacco has entered Australia through sea cargo, however we are increasingly detecting undeclared cigarettes in international mail and air cargo.

Our approach

The Australian Border Force is focused on our national security, the protection of our community, the enforcement of our laws, including the collection of revenue, and the security of our maritime jurisdiction, resources and environment.

We develop and coordinate our border management framework in conjunction with partner agencies to deliver Australia‘s customs, trade and industry policy.

We are an intelligence-led, mobile and technologically enabled force deploying resources to provide the greatest effect, including offshore, domestically and in our maritime zone.

We also work to counter threats ahead of the border, employing sophisticated risk assessments through our visa programmes and working with international partners to deliver enforcement outcomes.

Australian Border Force officers are uniformed and part of a disciplined enforcement body patrolling our air and seaports, remote locations, mail and cargo centres and Australia's extended maritime jurisdiction.

To protect the safety, security and commercial interests of Australia, we are working with our partner agencies to develop intelligence-based profiles of risk across each dimension of the border continuum.

The further development of sophisticated intelligence and targeting capabilities will increasingly allow us to minimise interventions in low-risk border movements and concentrate our resources against those who attempt to breach our borders or circumvent our controls.

Our Strategic Border Command, through a command centre with oversight of regional commands, ensures the effective coordination of border enforcement and operational activity. It maintains visibility of what is happening at the border and is able to quickly and effectively redirect effort to better manage the border.

Our Maritime Border Command, comprising both Departmental staff and Australian Defence Force members, coordinates collaborative cross-agency civil maritime security activities, including intelligence analysis, coordinated surveillance and on-water responses. This strategy encompasses working ahead of the border with international partners to provide controls for maritime security threats.

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Our specialist investigation and enforcement capability is deployed against individuals, organisations or networks that seek to harm the Australian community or economy through threats, crime and abuse of border law and systems. We are focused on:

national security threats

serious or complex border crime across the border continuum, from one-off attempts to complex organised and serious crime

systemic vulnerabilities in the trade and migration systems.

We work with partner agencies as part of Australia‘s whole-of-government strategies and international commitments particularly in the areas of national security and organised crime.

We are actively engaged in a number of international data-accessing initiatives aimed at preventing the movement of terrorists or terrorist groups.

The Australian Border Force also plays an important role in the community by enforcing and maintaining the integrity of Australia's visa programme using a range of preventative and compliance measures.

We provide services to support people in community detention arrangements, onshore immigration detention facilities and regional processing centres in Papua New Guinea and Nauru.

In protecting the border, the Australian Border Force engages regularly with a number of partner agencies.

The Profession of Border Force Officer31

Border Force Officers manage the security and integrity of Australia's borders. We work closely with other government and international agencies to detect and deter the unlawful movement of goods and people across the border.

Border Force Officers are operationally focused, uniformed and part of a disciplined enforcement body undertaking functions across our operating domain – patrolling our air and seaports, remote locations, mail and cargo centres and Australia's extended maritime domain.

The work of the ABF is 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. This means that Border Force Officers could be required to be on duty across all times of the day, depending on their role. Border Force Officers undertake shift work in line with set rosters allocated to them. An example of a roster may be that they work 8-10 hour shifts for four to five days, followed by two, three or four days off.

Peak periods for the ABF tend to align with school holiday periods, when higher numbers of people enter and depart Australia. Prospective candidates should

31 Излагается по: Home Affairs [Electronic resource]: The Profession of Border Force Officer. – Mode of access: https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/. – Date of access: 26.03.2018.

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be mindful of this prior to applying, as leave requested during peak periods may not be supported.

Border Force Officers, including Border Force Recruit Trainees, perform a range of functions as part of a team and alongside other law enforcement agencies, including:

processing the movement of travellers and goods

engaging with clients, travellers and partner agencies

coordinating responses to border threats

using mobile and static technology

undertaking patrols and surveillance

boarding and searching aircraft and vessels

enforcing legislation and exercising regulatory powers

conducting investigations

conducting digital forensics.

All Border Force Officers complete minimum levels of training to undertake a range of functions across all domains. Border Force Officers perform compliance and regulation roles that might require additional skills, qualifications or training, for example:

Marine Unit Officers maintain an armed presence around Australia‘s coastline and respond to reported or suspected border incidents and illegal activity.

Detector dog teams work at all Australian airports, seaports, cargo depots and international mail centres. They are one way that the Department protects the community by finding illegal drugs, precursor chemicals, firearms and weapons coming into Australia. The Border Force Officer Recruit Trainee positions provide a foundation to move into the Detector Dog Program as officers advance through their careers.

Investigations Division: Investigations Division officers provide specialist investigation and enforcement capabilities to target and disrupt national security threats, serious or complex border crime across the continuum, from one off importations to sophisticated and organised crime ventures and systemic vulnerabilities in the trade and migration systems.

Digital Forensics: With the increasing reliance on digital forensics to support investigation and prosecution activity, our Digital Forensics Investigators are located around Australia and are supported by a network of highly specialised digital forensics laboratories in each capital city.

NSU officers provide the ABF and other law enforcement agencies with a covert surveillance capability. As a national unit, NSU officers can be deployed throughout Australia.

Key attributes of a Border Force Officer

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Border Force Officers are multi-skilled, mobile, agile and responsive to operational needs. We look for people who are:

committed to the highest levels of ethical behaviour, integrity and professionalism;

committed to the values and behaviours of the organization;

fit, healthy, mobile and able to work in a physical role;

committed to developing their skills and knowledge through a series of postings and deployments over their careers;

able to apply and be accountable for a law enforcement approach within a prescribed set of principles and delegated authority;

able to meet and maintain high standards of operational readiness, including physical fitness and resilience;

able to employ an operational mindset;

able to meet and maintain stringent medical and psychometric standards required for roles that use force in the execution of statutory powers;

able to apply frameworks and principles through critical thinking, sound judgement, and reasonable and necessary actions;

committed to client service and responsive to requests;

committed to community engagement and protection.

Minimum eligibility requirements

In order to serve in the ABF, you must be:

an Australian citizen with the appropriate citizenship documents

18 years or over at the time of applying

able to obtain and maintain a Commonwealth security clearance. Baseline level is required at a minimum (a higher level of security clearance

could be required, depending on your specific role)

able to obtain and maintain an Employment Suitability Clearance (ESC)

able to obtain and maintain minimum security requirements

able to meet medical, fitness, aptitude and psychometric requirements and standards relevant to the role

willing and able to relocate to other ABF sites throughout Australia as operational requirements demand

able to complete Operational Safety training, and be willing to carry and use personal defence equipment, including a firearm, if required.

Before applying for a carrer with us, we encourage you to complete the Employment Suitabilty Self-Assessment.

ABF medical and fitness requirements

To effectively ensure the security of Australia‘s borders, the ABF requires a disciplined workforce that is trained and equipped to undertake functions across

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our entire operating domain, including detention centres, air and seaports, remote locations, mail and cargo facilities and Australia‘s extended maritime domain.

Border Force Officers must have and maintain appropriate fitness to facilitate posting and deployment across all functions and environments to meet operational demand.

Operational Readiness Assessment: the requirement is to undertake the medical assessment and the fitness assessment, both of which are essential qualifications of Border Force Officers. For this reason, the Operational Readiness Assessment process is designed to ensure:

officers are physically fit to perform their duties in a safe and effective manner, while also maintaining expected standards of performance

the officers‘ physical health allows them to be flexibly deployed across a wide range of functions to meet operational demand.

The ABF medical assessment determines if an individual meets the ABF medical requirements and can safely carry out the expected duties of their role and participate in the Basic Fitness Assessment. The medical standard requires that a Border Force Officer be medically and physically capable of performing the essential job functions and duties of the position safely and efficiently. To meet the ABF medical requirements, a Border Force Officer is required to:

undergo the ABF medical assessment with a suitably qualified medical practitioner, contracted by the Department; and

receive certification from the medical practitioner confirming that the officer has the minimum level of health required to safely carry out the duties of a Border Force Officer and to participate in the Basic Fitness Assessment (BFA).

After successfully completing an initial Operational Readiness Assessment, an officer‘s reassessment cycle is mandatory every two years regardless of their age and gender. The process for Border Force medical and fitness reassessment is the same process as for the initial Operational Readiness Assessment.

Officers who have previously undertaken an appropriate medical assessment may not be required to undertake the ABF medical assessment. For the Operational Readiness Assessment process, the medical assessments deemed appropriate are:

Use of Force medical examination and Function Fitness Assessment (FFA) Current AMSA Certificate of Medical Fitness (Marine Unit only)

Border Force Officers who have been assessed as already meeting or exceeding ABF medical and fitness requirements, for example, to maintain a Use of Force (UoF) qualification, do not need to also undergo the ABF medical assessment or the Basic Fitness Assessment (BFA).

Officers requiring UoF Operational Safety Training will undergo medical, fitness and psychometric testing. The FFA is a higher level fitness standard

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test. UoF FFA recertification is mandatory every 12 months regardless of age and gender.

ABF locations

Australian Border Force Officers undertake a diverse range of roles within a wide variety of working environments and geographical locations. The ABF operates out of all Australian capital cities as well as 34 district offices (regional centres) across Australia. We also have a significant marine presence, patrolling the 37,000km of Australian coastline as well as international waters.

Sworn Officer

Border Force Officers are required to take an oath or affirmation and be

'sworn in'‘. The term 'sworn officer' refers to those officers who take the oath or affirmation, thereby attaining ABF sworn officer status.

The taking of the oath or affirmation strengthens Border Force Officers' commitment to service. It reflects the fact that our officers have been entrusted with significant powers and authority on behalf of the Commonwealth, and so it is expected they act accordingly and to the highest possible ethical and professional standards. The oath or affirmation is a public declaration that officers intend to be bound by these standards and will undertake their duties to the best of their abilities. The oath or affirmation is taken as part of a formal ceremony.

Legally there is no difference between an oath and an affirmation. An affirmation is provided as an alternative to the religious based oath. It is up to the Border Force Officer to choose whether to become a sworn officer by taking the oath or by taking the affirmation.

Attire / dress code

Border Force Officers are expected to present a professional appearance while on duty and wear the ABF uniform provided by the Department.

New Zealand Customs Service32

The New Zealand Customs service is the oldest government department in New Zealand. Formed on 5 January 1840, it pre-dates the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi by one month. Its early establishment was necessary to collect revenue for the fledgling government, and over the years duties, tariffs and taxes collected by Customs have remained a major source of revenue for the country, although customs has also been used to impose various control over the movement of people and the distribution of particular products, in particular alcohol and tobacco.

In 1996, the New Zealand Customs Department was renamed the New Zealand Customs Service.

32 Излагается по: New Zealand Custms service [Electronic resource]: New Zealand Custms service. – Mode of access: https://www.customs.govt.nz. – Date of access: 26.03.2018.

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In recent years the Customs Service has modernized itself in order to keep pace with new technologies and the ever-increasing volumes of international passengers and trade, while balancing its law enforcement and compliance obligations. Staffing levels sit between 1300 - 1500 nationally, with its head office located in Wellington. Staff are based at various ports and locations around New Zealand and are a mixture of frontline uniformed staff such as those seen at the airports and sea ports, as well as plainclothes staff in varying other roles.

The Customs Service is a law enforcement agency in its own right, and is responsible for intercepting contraband, and checks international travelers and their baggage, as well as cargo and mail, for banned or prohibited items. Contrary to popular belief, it is not responsible for biosecurity items such as food and other agricultural items declared at ports of entry - this is the responsibility for the Ministry for Primary Industries. Customs is also responsible for assessing and collecting Customs duties, excise taxes and Goods and Services Tax on imports and protecting New Zealand businesses against illegal trade. It is second only to the Inland Revenue Department for the amount of revenue it collects for the New Zealand Government. It exercises controls over restricted and prohibited imports and exports, including objectionable material (such as child sex abuse images), drugs, firearms and hazardous waste and also collects import and export data.

New Zealand Customs is responsible for documentation of all imports and exports (in 2006/7 this was 47 million imports and 33 million exports). Since 1999 all documentation to New Zealand Customs has been electronic.

The New Zealand Customs Service works closely with New Zealand's other border agencies, the Ministry for Primary Industries, the Aviation Security Service (AvSec) and Immigration New Zealand. It also works very closely with the New Zealand Police and the Organised and Financial Crime Agency of New Zealand in joint operations involving the importation of drugs.

New Zealand Customs established the Trade Single Window in 2013 to provide a single place to lodge import and export documents with all of New Zealand Government.

Whilst an unarmed agency, some Customs officers are authorized to carry handcuffs and make arrests in relation to offences relating to the importation of drugs and other prohibited goods.

New Zealand Customs is also the administrative body of the New Zealand Government responsible for the domestic collection and control of excise tax on tobacco and alcohol.

New Zealand Customs officers continue to make significant seizures of pseudoephedrine, a precursor for Methamphetamine. Open source media and Customs reporting to government suggests that pseudoephedrine makes up the

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large majority of Customs seizures. These seizures have resulted in multiple arrests and successful prosecutions by Customs and Police officers.

In October 2010, then Comptroller of Customs Martyn Dunne advised a New Zealand Parliament committee that 796 kg of Pseudoephedrine, with a value of $90 million, had been seized in the nine months to 30 September, compared with 733 kg for the whole year in 2009. It was later revealed that Customs seized over a ton of pseudoephedrine in 2010.

Office locations

Customs officers are based at the main cities in New Zealand, as well as a number of smaller ports. Its headquarters is in Wellington, New Zealand's capital city. Customs also has liaison officers based at the following overseas locations: Canberra, Bangkok, Beijing, Brussels and Washington D.C.

Recruitment

Customs conducts national intakes, with the number of intakes per year varying dependent on the needs of the Service. Typically each intake will consist of 20 - 30 recruits who are referred to as 'cohorts'. Recruiting usually begins with Customs advertising nationwide, calling for applications for persons who meet requisite criteria. Applications are then reviewed and accepted or rejected. The majority of applicants are culled at this initial stage. Persons who pass the initial application process are then invited to 'open days' at central locations (usually Auckland, Wellington and Christchurch) during which they are given insights into the various roles Customs undertakes as well as being placed into groups and are assessed during group problem solving scenarios, where individuals are observed by assessors and are judged on various factors such as interaction, initiative and leadership traits. Those who are deemed suitable must then pass an interview, police checks and medical test before being offered a space on the next intake.

Training

Training consists of a combination of residential and on the job training. Initial training usually consists of a five-week residential course at the Royal New Zealand Police College, or other facilities if space is unavailable at the police college. Training courses have previously been held at the Waiouru Army Camp when the police college has been unavailable. The residential course covers Customs history, legislation, presentations from various representatives of various work areas within Customs, self-defense training and physical training. Tests are also conducted throughout the course. Following the residential course, cohorts spend a further five months undertaking on the job training in areas such as airports and cargo inspections, to give them a basic understanding of the main work areas performed by Customs officers. Following the end of this training, cohorts attend a formal graduation ceremony during which they receive their Customs officer's epaulettes.

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Revenue Commissioners33

The Revenue Commissioners usually referred to simply as Revenue, is the Irish Government agency responsible for customs, excise, taxation and related matters. Though Revenue can trace itself back to predecessors (with the Act of Union 1800 amalgamating its forerunners with HM Customs and Excise in the United Kingdom), the current organisation was created for the independent Irish Free State on 21 February 1923 by the Revenue Commissioners Order, 1923 which established the Revenue Commissioners to carry out the functions that the Commissioners of Inland Revenue and the Commissioners of Customs and Excise had carried out in the Free State prior to independence. The Revenue Commissioners are responsible to the Minister for Finance.

Revenue consists of a chairman and two commissioners, all of whom have the status of secretary general as used in Departments of State. The first commissioners, appointed by the then President of the Executive Council W. T. Cosgrave, were Charles J. Flynn, William Denis Carey and William T. O'Brien as Chairman. The current Commissioners are: Chairman Niall Cody, and Commissioners Liam Irwin and Gerry Harrahill. According to its 2014 Annual Report, Revenue had 5,647 full-time equivalent staff in December 2014.

Revenue is based in Dublin Castle and uses a symbol of its gates as its logo, while its staff work in almost all of the 26 counties of the Republic of Ireland. The mission statement of Revenue is "to serve the community by fairly and efficiently collecting taxes and duties and implementing Customs controls".

From April 1979 until June 2000 Revenue had control of the issue of the Personal Public Service Number (then referred to as Revenue and Social Insurance Number) to individuals. In 1991 it delegated a block of numbers to the Department of Social Protection and on 19 June 2000 the issuing was transferred to the department entirely.

Since 1 July 2013 the Local Property Tax (LPT), an annual self-assessed tax charged on the market value of all residential properties in Ireland, has been collected by the Revenue Commissioners.

The Revenue Commissioners presently operates two customs cutters for maritime patrols such as prevention of drug smuggling and illegal importation of other illicit goods into Ireland. The two cutters, R.C.C. Suirbheir and R.C.C Faire conduct patrols in Irish territorial waters and are assisted by the Irish Naval Service and An Garda Síochána in their work.

33 Излагается по: New Zealand Custms service [Electronic resource]: Revenue Cmmissioners. – Mode of access: https://www.customs.govt.nz. – Date of access: 26.03.2018.

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2.4.7. CULTURAL HERITAGE

Archaeologists and Criminologists are looking at Ways to Combat the Illicit Trade in Antiquities34

Archaeological sites and artefacts let us navigate an uncertain future by helping us to understand who we were and who we are. Confronted with the durability of the material remains of ancient lives, our own lives seem less ephemeral: the people of the past have left their mark and so shall we. The past is a powerful tool. Ancient sites house living tradition and culture. Communities threatened by conflict, disaster, globalisation and cultural loss draw strength from the past to rebuild their future. But our culture is trickling away. It is looted, trafficked and sold to meet the insatiable international demand for cultural objects. Archaeological looting is a global problem and so far none of our proposed solutions has worked.

Many countries have enacted laws that make antiquities the collective property of the public. In these places, archaeological sites can only be excavated by |trained professional researchers with proper permits. Artefacts – even those found by chance - must be registered with the authorities and often cannot be sold. Export of antiquities is strictly regulated and to take an artefact out of the country, without a permit is considered smuggling. These governments are tasked with the investigation of archaeological sites, the preservation of historic places and the foundation of museums. In other words, they make sure that the past is available to the public and to future generations.

Yet where there is demand, a supply will be found. Four idols robbed from a temple in India; six 200-year-old silver vessels taken from a Colombian church; a man in Guatemala caught trying to sell Maya artefacts on the Internet; illegal metal detecting at Hadrian‘s Wall and reports of antiquities theft in Iraq and Syria. Buyers are willing to pay large amounts of money for the best antiquities and criminal networks traffic illegally sourced artefacts to feed this market. Antiquities become commodities: they are bought, sold and privately owned. Despite local laws and international agreements that say otherwise, the material remains of the past belong to whoever can afford to pay for them.

Inevitably buyers in wealthy countries can afford antiquities and those in poorer countries cannot and so cultural objects flow from the developing to the developed world in a steady stream. Once private buyers obtain an antiquity, they can choose to put it on public display or they can keep them to themselves. They can properly care for the antiquity, or they can smash it. There is nothing to stop

34 Излагается по: Дубинко, С.А. Профессиональный английский язык в сфере таможенного дела: учеб.-метод. пособие / С.А. Дубинко [и др.]. – Мн.: БГУ, 2017. – 139 с. – С.99–100.