Water-Supply Engineering and Sewage Disposal. В 2 ч. Ч. 1

During times of droughts, floods, earthquakes, or other emergencies, vigorous efforts must be made to maintain public water supplies.

Industrial Water Supply

Water supply systems must also meet requirements for commercial and industrial activities.

The Industrial Revolution was the rapid development of industry that occurred in Britain in the late 18th and 19th centuries and brought about the introduction of machinery. It was characterized by the use of steam power, the growth of factories, and the mass production of manufactured goods. Water has always played a critical part in implementation of every industrial process. It is estimated that now about 22% of world-wide water use is industrial. The demand for water is sure to increase in future. Though water consumption depends on the region, as a whole, industrial water usage is lower than agricultural use.

The most important purposes of industrial water consumption are cooling, scouring, washing, dampening, steam generation, hydraulic transport, etc. The use of water for cooling exceeds all other kinds of water consumption as it is used in such branches of industry as metallurgy, oil-refining industry, chemical industry, etc. In general, the largest water users are enterprises of metallurgical, chemical, oil-refining, petrochemical, and machine-building industry, as well as thermal power stations.

Industry also uses water to dissipate and transport waste materials. In fact, many streams are now overused for this purpose, especially watercourses in urban centres. The use of watercourses for waste dispersal degrades the quality of the water and may reduce its usefulness for other purposes. This is especially true if the industrial wastes are toxic.

COMPREHENSION CHECK

55. Complete the following sentences according to the text.

1.Water supply is available water provided to fulfill … .

2.Water supply systems are subdivided into several branches according to … .

180

58.What parts of the text can you define? Do they correspond to the paragraph? Entitle each part.

1._____________________________________

2._____________________________________

… _____________________________________

3._____________________________________

59.Write a summary of the text.

LANGUAGE FOCUS

182

61. Choose the odd word.

1.to degrade, to make worse, to refine, to become worse, to worsen, to deteriorate, to impair

2.to reduce, to decrease, to diminish, to impair, to disperse, to lower, to lessen, to decline, to fall, to drop

3.to maintain, to increase, to grow, to rise, to raise, to elevate, to heighten, to enhance

62. Choose the synonyms of the underlined words.

1.If the need is domestic, public, commercial, industrial, or agricultural, the water must fulfill both quality and quantity requirements.

a. deliver b. meet

c. carry out d. create

2.Of all municipal services, provision of potable water is perhaps the most vital.

a. palatable b. drinkable c. fresh

d. self-supplied

3.Domestic water use just covers self-supplied domestic water withdrawals by those people and organizations that use their own wells to supply their water, as opposed to public-supplied (public-service) water.

a. by means of b. in order to

c. in addition to d. in contrast with

4.So, water delivered to homes is called “public-supplied” and water supplied by people themselves is called “self-supplied”.

a. public water supply b. public-service

c. public water supplies d. self-service

5.The Industrial Revolution was the rapid development of industry that occurred in Britain in the late 18th and 19th centuries.

a. existed

183

воды тепловых электростанций, водопроводы металлургических заводов и т. д.); системы сельскохозяйственного водоснабжения.

В пределах одного объекта в соответствии с объединением различных функций устраивают водопроводы хозяйственно-питьевые, противопожарные и производственные.

По характеру используемых природных источников различают водопроводы, получающие воду из поверхностных источников (речные, озерные и т.д.); водопроводы, основанные на подземных водах (артезианские, родниковые и т.п.); водопроводы смешанного питания — при использовании источников различных видов.

По способу подачи воды различают водопроводы самотечные (гравитационные); водопроводы с механической подачей воды (с помощью насосов), а также зонные водопроводы, где вода подается в отдельные районы отдельными насосными станциями.

Кроме того, системы производственного водоснабжения можно различать по способу (кратности) использования воды: системы прямоточного водоснабжения (с однократным использованием воды); системы оборотного водоснабжения; системы с повторным использованием воды.

185

системы водоснабжения населенных мест – systems of water supply of inhabited localities

системы производственного [промышленного] водоснаб-

жения – industrial water supply systems

системы сельскохозяйственного водоснабжения – rural water supply systems

хозяйственно-питьевые водопроводы – domestic [household] water supply systems

противопожарные водопроводы – fire water supply systems

производственные водопроводы – industrial water supply sys-

tems

водопроводы, получающие воду из поверхностных источ-

ников – water supply systems obtaining water from surface water sources

водопроводы, основанные на подземных водах – water supply systems based on groundwater

водопроводы смешанного питания – mixed water supply sys-

tems

самотечные [гравитационные] водопроводы – gravity water supply systems

водопроводы с механической подачей воды (с помощью насосов) –supply systems with pump(ed) water feed

зонные водопроводы – zonal water supply systems

системы прямоточного водоснабжения – once-through water supply systems

системы оборотного водоснабжения – water recycling systems / reverse water supply systems

системы с повторным использованием воды – water reuse systems

SPEAKING PRACTICE

64. Find additional information on the water supply of your native city or town. Make a presentation.

186

65. Get ready to speak about the classification of water supply systems.

TEXT D

VOCABULARY WORK

66. Read the following international words and guess their meaning. Mind the stressed syllables. Prove that these words are international ones.

Model: ancient ə древний; старинный, старый; антич-

ный

187

67. Match the English and Russian equivalents.

188

68. Match the terms and their definitions.

advanced, aqueduct, arch, baths, conveyance, fountain, install, neglect, qanat ə, tunnel

a.(in the Middle East) is a gently sloping underground channel or tunnel constructed to lead water from the interior of a hill to a village below

b.a curved symmetrical structure spanning an opening and typically supporting the weight of a bridge, roof, or wall above it

c.a public establishment offering bathing facilities

d.an artificial channel for conveying water, typically in the form of a bridge supported by tall columns across a valley

e.an artificial underground passage, esp. one built through a hill or under a building, road, or river

f.an ornamental structure in a pool or lake from which one or more jets of water are pumped into the air

g.fail to care for properly

h.far on or ahead in development or progress

i.the action or process of transporting smth from one place to another

j.place or fix (equipment or machinery) in position ready for use we're planning to install a new shower

READING PRACTICE

69. The following text is in the jumbled order. Look at the plan of the text, read the paragraphs and number them in the correct order according to the plan.

1.Water as an important factor in the development of early civiliza-

tions.

2.The emergence and development of advanced water supply systems in ancient times.

3.Highly advanced Roman aqueducts as one of the greatest achievements in the ancient world.

4.The purpose and description of Roman aqueducts.

189