Shipbuilding. В 2 ч. Ч. 2

To increase stability further, ships carry extra weight called ballast. Without ballast, an empty cargo ship would bobble about in the ocean like a cork. Most ships use seawater as ballast. As a ship takes on cargo, the ballast water is pumped out.

The engines of most ships are steam turbines, gas turbines, or diesel engines. The largest and fastest ships have steam turbines. Steam produced in the boilers spins the bladed wheels of

the turbine. The turbine, through a series of gears (toothed wheels), drives the propeller shaft and makes the propeller revolve. On turboelectric ships, the turbine turns a generator that produces electricity for a motor. The motor, in turn, drives the propeller. Almost all merchant ships use oil as the fuel to heat the boilers that create the steam. On nuclear-powered ships, a nuclear reactor creates the steam. Many of the most advanced ships have gas turbines. Gas turbines work much like steam turbines but use hot gases instead of steam.

Vessels propelled by diesel engines are called motor-ships. They have either geared-drive or diesel-electric machinery. On a geared-drive ship, the engine works through gears to turn the propeller. On a diesel-electric ship, the engine turns a generator that supplies current to an electric motor connected to the propeller shaft. The propellers, also called screws, move a ship through the water. The engine turns a shaft that juts out underwater from the stern. The propeller is bolted to the end of the shaft. Most propellers have four blades. As a propeller turns, it screws itself

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through the water and so pushes the ship forward. Most small ships have one propeller. Many larger vessels have two propellers, and very big ships have four. Additional screws increase a ship's power and make the vessel easier to maneuver. For example, a twin-screw ship can be swung around quickly by going forward on one propeller and backward on the other.

The rudder is a large flat piece of metal that steers a ship. It is hinged to the stern and so can be swung like a door. The rudder is connected to the helm (steering wheel) on the ship's bridge. When the sailor at the helm turns the wheel to the right, the rudder moves to the right, causing the stern to swing left and the bow to swing right. When the helm is turned to the left, the rudder and bow swing to the left.

Other parts and equipment of a ship include funnels (smokestacks) to discharge smoke and exhaust fumes, an anchor on the left and right sides of the bow, and enough lifeboats to hold all persons on board. Modern ships have powerdriven winches to raise or lower the anchors and to bring in or let out the mooring lines used to tie vessels at a pier. Power-driven winches also operate the cranes for loading and unloading cargo. Modern ships also have high-speed pumps to pump out ballast water or to pump up seawater in case of fire. Radiotelegraph equipment keeps ships in constant touch with the rest of the world.

1)What is the purpose of special doors that each compartment has?

2)What does superstructure include?

3)What defines the bow and stern shape?

4)Describe the purpose and principle of a stabilizing system.

5)How can seawater be used inboard the she ship?

6)What is the difference between steam turbines, gas turbines and diesel engines?

7)What are the main types of motor-ships?

8)What is the rudder and what for does it serve?

9)What other parts and equipment are integrated into the ship structure?

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Ex. 15. Speak on the topic “Ship Structure”.

Ex. 16. Read the text and speak on the ship classification.

TEXT 1C

CLASSIFICATION OF SHIPS

A great variety of ships may be classified into two main groups (table 2):

a.civil ships;

b.war ships.

All they may be classified according to the following features:

a)place of navigation;

b)hull material;

c)propulsion system;

d)propulsion.

According to the place of navigation ships may be divided into:

1.ocean and sea-going ships,

2.river and lake ships and

3.coasters.

According to the hull material ships may be: wooden, steel, reinforced, from aluminum alloys, plastic and compound.

Referring to propulsion system ships are divided into two groups:

1.non-propelling ships,

2.self-propelled ships.

The first group, for instance, comprises barges, sailors. The second is represented by a) steamships; b) motorships (equipped with internal combustion engine); c) electric propulsion ships and d) nuclear propulsion ships.

According to propulsion ships are divided into floating, gliding, hydrofoil craft and hovercraft (air-cushion ships).

A: Classification of Civil Ships (table 1):

According to the destination of ships they are classified into:

1.transport ships:

1)passenger ships,

2)cargo-carries, ore freighters:

a)lumber-carries, ore-carries, bulk carries, colliers.

b)tankers;

3)cargo-passenger ships and

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Table 1: Civil and War Ships

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Table 2: Different ways of ship classification

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4)ferries.

2.Fishing ships

1)trawlers, seiners, drift net vessels,

2)whale factories.

3.Technical ships (Dredgers, dredge boat, floating cranes, floating docks, etc.)

4.Service ships (Tugs, pusher tugs, ice breakers, etc.)

5.Salvage ships (Rescue ships).

6.Research ships.

7.Training ships.

8.Sport ships (yacht, launch, boat canoe).

B:Classification of War Ships (table 1):

Warships are, first of all, classified according to their position relatively to water surface while moving: underwater and above-water vessels. Further classification can be realized from the point of view of military tasks, type of navigation mode and ships’ armament.

Underwater vessels cover submarines of all types. They include Missile (Ballistic or Guided) Submarines, All-purpose (or Multi-purpose) Submarines and specialized underwater vessels, namely: Submarine Tenders, Auxiliary and Research Submarines, Deep Submergence Vehicle, Diving Tender, Submarine Rescue Ship, Deep Submergence Rescue Vehicle and Fleet Diving Support Ship.

According to the engine-type all the submarines are divided into nuclearpowered and conventionally-powered (diesel) ones.

Above-water vessels include

·Linear (Battle-) Ships;

·Cruisers (gun and missile ones);

·Carriers (for aircraft and helicopters);

·Frigates (also equipped with guided missiles and helicopters);

·Destroyers (guided missile vessels, as well);

·Crafts (gun, missile and torpedo ones);

·Mine Sweeper (Countermeasure, Layer and Hunter) Ships;

·Assault (Landing) Ships (including mechanized, amphibious and air cushion craft);

·Specialized and auxiliary vessels (tenders, degaussing ships, ammunition ships, stores and replenishment ships, tankers, floating docks, icebreakers, research and instrumentation ships, communication ships, tugs, floating hospitals, lighters (barges),

training, support, light, salvage and repairing ships, barracks craft, etc.).

Patrol ships can be represented in any class of above-mentioned ships. Some large vessels, such as Multi-purpose Aircraft Carriers and Guided

Missile Cruisers are nuclear-powered.

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Ex. 17. Match the words. Pay attention to the pronunciation the ships:

compound ships; ocean ships, river ships and coasters;

floating, gliding, hydro foil craft and hovercraft ships.

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Ex. 19. Match the name of the ship with a proper type of vessels:

8.tanker

9.floating crane

10.yacht

11.carrier

Ex. 20. Speak on the topic: “Classification of ships”.

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UNIT II

PASSENGER SHIPS

Ex. 1. Read and translate the words. Include them into your vocabulary:

Accommodation, cruising speed, car ferry, foil, hydrofoil, flare, flarecraft, body, lounge, drag, ground effect, fan, thrust, watch, kit, estuary, catamaran, sovereign, strait, Chunnel, schedule, horsepower, capacity, displacement, forerunner, priority, significance, review;

Switch, lie, dominate (over), admit, cease, pierce, resume, handle, abolish, trace, yield;

Afloat, kit-built, marshy, smart, urgent, notable, inferior

Ex.2. Insert the right word:

Fans, pierce, hydrofoil, afloat, car ferry, admit, dominated, switch, marshy, flarecraft, watch, drag, bodies.

1. Drivers can use a … to cross the channel. 2. The radio signal is poor. Let’s … to another wave. 3. A … is the fastest and rather comfortable way of sea journey. 4. The ¾ of earth surface is covered with large … of water. 5. The huge transatlantic liner … over the rest ships in the harbor. 6. The hovercraft and its high speed variant, the … , are propelled with large … . 7. The … garbage is a serious … for the boat moving. 8. We must … that in … areas it’s much more convenient to use hovercrafts than any other vessels. 9. The boat was moving at such a speed that it seemed to … the waves. 10. The … noticed the coming danger immediately.

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