UDC 1 (075.8)

BBК 87я73

F 56

The tutorial is recommended by the department of philosophical doctrines BNTU 16.05.2012, the report No. 7.

Philosophy and science methodology. The tutorial for post-graduate students, competitors / under general edition of Prof. A.I. Loiko, Minsk: BNTU Publishing House, 2012.

The tutorial contains necessary material for preparation for examination of a candidate minimum on philosophy and science methodology.

Leading experts of department of philosophical doctrines took part in the tutorial preparation, namely Prof. A.I. Loiko (questions 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48), Dr. E. B. Jakimovich (questions 1, 4, 7, 8, 9), Dr. E.A. Fonotova (question 21), W. I.Kanarskaj (question 18).

Under general edition of Prof. A.I. Loiko

Белорусский национальный технический университет пр-т Независимости, 65, г. Минск, Республика Беларусь Тел.(017) 293-91-97 факс (017) 292-91-37

Регистрационный № БНТУ/ФТУГ02-68.2012

UDC

BBК

Collective of authors, 2012

Belarusian National Technical University, 2012

INTRODUCTION

The tutorial on philosophy and science methodology contains a necessary material for preparation for examination of a candidate minimum on philosophy and science methodology. The tutorial includes the manual, recommendations about a writing of abstracts, the information on the basic stages of preparation for examination of a candidate minimum, methodical recommendations about use of the additional educational literature, work with primary sources.

The program of candidate examination in philosophy and science methodology is developed proceeding from specificity of social and economic and technical experts. It consists of three sections. In the first section the questions which are in the centre of attention of modern philosophy are studied. In the second section from a methodology position key aspects of research activity are considered. In the third section the questions concerning methodology of the distsiplinarno-focused science and engineering activity are stated.

The methodical complex solves a problem of the organisation of independent work post graduate students. Preparation for examination demands the reference to manuals to which the philosophy and science methodology is presented in the full volume corresponding to requirements of the program on philosophy and methodology of a science, confirmed by Order HАК from 30.12.2004 № 179.

The philosophy and science methodology solves a problem of acquaintance of the future experts with features of research and innovative activity. Completeness of objective knowledge of the world, the person is the necessary basis for comprehension by the future experts of the valuable status of a reality with which they will deal. Koevolution, the society sustainable development, safety, tolerance, modernisation, identity and mobility become key concepts of the methodological approach to activity.

The tutorial on philosophy and science methodology includes the typical curriculum, plans of seminar employment for post graduate students, competitors, the manual, recommendations about independent work on the abstract, the list of the recommended literature for independent preparation for examination.

Chapter 1

PHILOSOPHY AND VALUES OF MODERN CIVILIZATION

Keywords: philosophy, outlook, a modern epoch, values, the person, a society, globalisation, коevolution, identity, a sustainable development, safety.

§1 Philosophy: subject, purposes, problems

The philosophy studies universal laws of functioning and development natural and social systems taking into account active presence at them the person. It has the disciplinary structure presented оntologu, anthropology, gnoseology, epistemology, science philosophy, methodology of a science, social philosophy, history philosophy.

Оntology systematises scientific knowledge of the universe c the account of researches in the mathematician, the physicist, astronomy, biology, geology, ecology on the basis of dialectics and synergetrics achievements. The scientific picture of life is supplemented with a scientific picture of the nature in which frameworks the key role is played by concepts of biosphere and a noosphere.

The anthropology generalises knowledge biological, humanitarian, social sciences about the person. Key categories of a life, death, meaning of the life, existence, consciousness, life of the person,

антропосоциогенеза are analyzed.

Gnoseology and epistemologu are accented on knowledge and their role in various fields of activity of modern mankind.

The science philosophy studies a phenomenon of a science from the point of view of history, the status in a modern society, functions, structure, interaction with economy, engineering activity, a policy, art, religion.

The science methodology studies the tool aspects of research activity connected with scientific researches, workings out, methods, forms of representation of scientific results, levels of researches, stages.

The social philosophy systematises knowledge of humanitarian and economic sciences of a society from the point of view of a role in it of is material-industrial, legal, moral, spiritual, aesthetic basis. The history philosophy studies a society in dynamics, in development, from the point of view of historical time, historical consciousness, historical memory, the future. The futurology is closely connected with it.

The philosophy correlates all time, its developed concepts with a concrete historical reality, chronologically fixing it and designating. Beginning ХХІ of a century contacts an epoch of modernisation of a modern society. For a designation of this epoch the term "postmodern" is used. For the first time it was used by R.Panvits in 1917. Considering the changes occurring during a postmodern epoch, R.Bart, Z.Derrida, M.Fuko, C.Dzhenks, Z.Bodrijar, Z.Delyoz, F.Gvattari, U.Eko, Z.Lakan, I.Prigozhin, J.Habermas, P.Kozlovski, M.Bakhtin, S.Hantington have started to solve a problem of updating of philosophy with reference to present conditions. The philosophy status is defined by its interdisciplinary feature, that it forms scientific outlook, bases of scientific researches, private world of the person systematises, gives answers to questions interesting the modern person.

The mission of philosophy in a society life is concluded in a substantiation of effective ways of development of economy, the state, the person. In Belarus philosophy problems are concentrated on methodology of innovative activity, problems of national safety.

§2 Comparative analysis of East and West philosophical traditions

Belarus is included in strategy of global development of mankind. Within the limits of this strategy the most powerful economic systems of the West and the East co-operate. The multivector orientation экспортоориентированной the Belarus economy assumes knowledge of features, both the East, and the West.

Among philosophical sciences exclusively important role is carried out by discipline to which the name «philosophical comparativety» was fixed. Within the limits of this discipline comparative studying of various currents of thought of the East and the West is carried out, ways and ways of their rapproche-