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Тексты для самостоятельной работы студентов

(Домашнее чтение)

TEXTS FOR HOME READING

Text 1. AUTOMATION OF MONITORING AND CONTROL

OF OIL FIELD DEVELOPMENT

Modern technology such as computer reservoir simulation is becoming an integral part of the operations of oil producers. Oil field monitoring based on geological filtration models is recognized as a progressive and efficient tool for optimization of oil field development.

In view of this, Wenses company has developed one of the first Russian software suites, the TRIAS system, at a good time.

The system’s multifunctionality based on the generation of three-dimensional geological and hydrodynamic models makes it possible to resolve a wide range of tasks related to the monitoring and control of the development of oil fields. High quality at a reasonable price makes this system attractive for small and medium-sized oil companies, and especially for design institutes.

This innovative system allows for a departure from the traditional structure of dividing companies into geological and development departments, thus enabling cost reductions. TRIAS can allow for a recognized operating structure including groups of geologists-reservoir engineers. These specialists would be responsible for the analysis of both geological and geophysical data, the selection of development options and the completion of tasks utilizing the software such as the creation of a geological model and the adjustment of hydrodynamic models based on development history. Their responsibilities would also include selection of options for future developments of the field.

The TRIAS suite forms and supports the field database on the basis of modern data management systems and includes many tools to analyze the development of fields and large deposits that involve application of different EOR methods. The system enables mapping, profile generation and creation of 3D block maps, as well as of various histograms, crossplots, graphs and tables.

Utilization of geological filtration models in TRIAS makes it possible to continuously monitor the current status of a field’s development, to substantiate the optimal formulation treatment technologies and to assess in retrospect the efficiency of performed geological and technical operations (such as determination of the production water cut dynamics, selection of wells for remedial cementing, various types of bottomhole formation zone treatment, cyclic injection and recovery, literal hole drilling, etc.).

The TRIAS system includes tools for well data import in various user’s formats, as well as the means to determine the quality of new initial data. By classification of current reserves it is possible to identify prospective areas for various geological and technical operations.

Text 2. High technologies for sakhalin-2 offshore facilities

For a number of reasons, the Sakhalin-2 project run by the Sakhalin Energy company is unparalleled in its scale.

First, it is being implemented in severe climatic conditions in the Sea of Okhotsk where the water is covered with thick ice six winter months. Secondly, all operations have to be carried out with the fragile northern nature of Sakhalin Island in mind. Thirdly, the area is prone to high seismic loads. In addition, Sakhalin-2 is unique in its scale and integrated project as hydrocarbon production, transport and processing taking place hundreds of kilometers away, will be monitored from a single control center. In response to these dramatic challenges, Sakhalin Energy could not help but rely on state-of-the-art technologies or in some instances even pioneer their application.

For example, the currently operating Molikpaq (PA-A) oil production platform introduced a zero flaring system in 2005 to eliminate flaring of associated gas, which has both financial and environmental. Today, all associated gas is injected back into the reservoir using gas compressors. Consequently, the gas will be supplied to a manifold whose construction is nearing completion.

In addition, a zero waste discharge program has been implemented, whereby all process fluids, effluents and produced water can be re-injected back into a discharge well. Similar systems will be commissioned at Piltun-Astokhskoye

(PA-B) and Lunskoye-A (LUN-A) offshore platforms to prevent even the smallest spill from getting into the Sea of Okhotsk, either in the course of drilling or during the platforms operation.

Besides, the platforms are unique in their own right. For the first time in Russia, they are placed atop the concrete gravity base structure (CGBS) capable of withstanding heavy seismic and ice impacts. Traditionally, base caissons have been preferred although they are good for shallow waters only, while the sea depth around Piltun area is 32 meters and at Lunskoye field it reaches 48 meters.

The towing and installation of the LUN-A (weighing 21,800 tons) and PA-B (weighing 28,000 tons) topsides onto their final resting place on top of the CGBS have broken world records for installation operations of this type.

Considering the potential seismic risks of the field development area, the topsides have been mated to the four legs of the concrete gravity base using sliding connections called friction pendulum bearings installed at the top of each leg. This method has been used for the first time ever in Russia and worldwide, as such gigantic bearings cannot be found elsewhere in the oil and gas industry.

Due to integration of many elements of Sakhalin-2 project, Sakhalin Energy has focused on automation of every process, starting from the drilling operations to the management of the various assets.