10. Запомните некоторые особенности перевода страдательного залога:

1) В английских предложениях типа I was given the book действие глагола to give в страдательном залоге направлено одновременно на подлежащее I и на прямое дополнение the book. В русском языке аналогичная мысль выражается через неопределенно-личное предложение типа «Мне дали книгу». Подлежащее английского предложения переводится на русский язык косвенным дополнением.

2) Сказуемое в страдательном залоге может быть выражено глаголом с примыкающим к нему предлогом типа to look at, to send for и т.д. В этом случае в русском языке используется также форма неопределенно-личного предложения. При переводе предлог ставится в начале предложения.

The doctor was sent for. - За доктором послали.

The picture was long looked at and often asked about. – На картину подолгу смотрели и часто о ней спрашивали.

Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на перевод английского подлежащего:

1. Workers are paid twice a month. 2. We were told that he had invented a new device. 3. The substance can be purified by means of sulphuric acid. 4. Children are taught at school. 5. He was ordered to go there. 6. He will be given a topic for his report. 7. The man was shown the way. 8. They are being shown a new film. 9. We have just been told the news. 10. I was given a ticket to the exhibition. 11. He will be granted a credit. 12. This problem was not spoken about. 13. Paper is written or printed on. 14. This problem will be dealt in a number of articles. 15. The game is being watched with great interest. 16. His report was followed by a discussion. 17. Care must be taken to lower the temperature.

11. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на то, какими способами можно передать английский страдательный залог в русском языке:

1. The method was developed last year. 2. The plant has been put into operation this year. 3. The problem will be solved immediately. 4. The chief engineer was invited to the meeting by the workers. 5. This article must be written in time. 6. This work is to be done well. 7. The problem is being discussed by the scientists. 8. A great number of new goods are produced at our plant every year. 9. It is expected that we shall test the new plant next month. 10. It was known that they would come to the meeting. 11. The students will be asked by the teacher.

12. Трансформируйте предложения в активную форму:

1. The meeting was attended by all the workers. 2. The letter will be answered by the secretary. 3. Gold is not affected by moisture. 4. The rate of a reaction is influenced by many factors. 5. At the station we were joined by our friends. 6. Our group will be joined by some new persons. 7. The concert was enjoyed by us. 8. The plant has been visited by many schoolchildren. 9. He is being asked about the accident by the police. 10. He was not shown the way by the passer-by. 11. Attention has been called to this phenomenon by many scientists.

13. Прочтите и переведите текст: Petroleum Refining

After the separation of the casing-head gases, the petroleum is refined by distillation to obtain individual products. The industrial distillation of petroleum is accomplished in continuously-operating plants. These consist of two main installations: a pipe still for heating the petroleum and a fractionating column for dividing the petroleum into cuts. The cuts are separate mixtures of hydrocarbons according to their boiling points: the petrol cut, the naphtha cut, the kerosene cut, etc.

The pipe still is lined inside with fire brick. In it there is a long steel coil pipe. The still is heated by burning residual oil or gas. Petroleum is pumped continuously through the coil after preheating in heat exchangers by the distillation products. Inside the coil the petroleum is quickly heated to 300-325 degrees C; as a liquid-vapour mixture it then goes on to the fractionation column.

The fractionation column is a cylindrical structure up to 40 m in height. Inside it has several horizontal partitions with orifices known as bubble plates. The petroleum vapour, on entering the column, rises upwards and passes through the orifices in the bubble plates. In the course of this upward movement the vapour is gradually cooled and condenses on this or that bubble plate, according to its boiling point. The less volatile hydrocarbons condense on the very first plates, producing the gas oil cut; more volatile hydrocarbons are collected higher and form the kerosene cut; the naphtha cut is collected still higher, and the most volatile hydrocarbons of all issue from the column at the top, forming petrol. Part of the petrol is fed back into the column to trickle downwards and in this way aid the cooling and condensation of the rising vapour.

The liquid part of the petroleum entering the column drips downwards through the bubble plates, forming residual oil. Superheated steam is supplied at the bottom of the column and rises upwards to facilitate the evaporation of the volatile hydrocarbons retained by the residual oil.

The processes of evaporation and condensation, repeated on plate after plate, make for the better fractionation of the petroleum. The cuts collecting at certain levels are piped out of the column. As they pass heat exchangers, they give up their heat to petroleum about to enter the pipe still. They are then purified by means of sulphuric acid and alkali, as well as by other techniques, to remove impurities. After this, they are stored as commercial products: petrol, kerosene, gas oil, etc.

By processes similar to those we considered earlier the residual oil vapour is fractionated in the column into cuts that, after purification, yield various lubricants. The undistillable heavy residue collected from the bottom of the column is oil tar. The primary and secondary fractionation plants are often built together as an atmospheric and vacuum distillation complex. The atmospheric unit serves to distill the petroleum, while the residual oil formed is distilled by the second, vacuum unit.