10. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод сказуемых, выраженных глаголом в страдательном залоге:

1. Most of the physical quantities are related to length, time and mass, therefore all the systems of physical units are defined from these fundamental units. 2. It is planned to solve the world’s energy problem with the technological means at our disposal. 3. In the thirties some solar energy cycles were discovered. These cycles are based on nuclear fusion. 4. The technological process is so complicated that only the basic principle of its action will be outlined here. 5. Suitable fuels could be provided by heavy and superheavy hydrogen. 6. Another interesting effect was observed during the experiment. 7. The standard meter of the world was originally defined in terms of the distance from the North Pole to the equator. 8. Only small quantities of iron, copper and aluminum are used in the pure form. 9. A great majority of useful metallic materials is formed from combinations of the above metals, known as alloys (сплавы). 10. Metals are usually mixed in their liquid state to form an alloy. 11. Liquid fuels are largely used in industry and transport. 12. Plastics are a new material which is produced of chemicals. 13. Glass has some properties which have been recently discovered. 14. Since rubidium and cesium are easily ionized at rather low temperatures, they offer great potential. 15. Since ancient times, it has been known that silicous materials were suitable for glass-making. 16. The fats and oils are ethers (эфиры) of special class, as much as all are derived from glycerol. 17. Semiconductors (полупроводники) can be frozen, for all practical purposes, at room temperatures. 18. If the crystals are stored under pressure, they are forced into contact and may even be crushed. 19. Various items of crystallization equipment are divided into three main groups: cooling, evaporating and vacuum crystallizers. 20. Petroleum is usually associated with water and natural gas. It is found in porous sedimentary rocks where the geological formation allowed the oil to collect from a wide area. 21. Liquid fuels are derived from petroleum. 22. In general natural petroleum, or crude oil, as it is widely known, is the basis of practically all industrial fuels.

11. Определите, в каких предложениях употреблена форма страдательного залога. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Geologists divided the rocks (породы) of the Earth’s crust (кора) into three main groups. Rock are divided into sedimentary (осадочный), igneous (изверженный) and metamorphic rocks. 2. Petrol is used as fuel. People used petrol as fuel for a long time. 3. Gravel, sand and clay form the group of unconsolidated (незатвердевших) mechanical sediments. They are formed by the destructive action of water and wind. 4. From some grades of petroleum it is possible to prepare paraffin wax. It is used to make candles and to impregnate paper.

12. Запомните:

Герундий – это неличная форма глагола, образующаяся путем прибавления к основе глагола окончания –ing (read – читать, reading – чтение). В предложении герундий может быть подлежащим, дополнением, определением, обстоятельством, именной частью сказуемого. На русский язык герундий чаще всего переводится существительным или неопределенной формой глагола, а также деепричастием (в функции обстоятельства) или придаточным предложением. Герундий может употребляться с предлогом и перед ним могут стоять притяжательное местоимение и существительное в притяжательном падеже, которые в сочетании с герундием выражают не принадлежность, а лицо, которое выполняет действие, выраженное герундием.

Герундий имеет сложные формы:

Залог Active Passive

Время

Indefinite changing being changed

Perfect having changed having been changed

Сложные формы герундия переводятся придаточным предложением:

We know of his having read this book. – Мы знаем, что он прочел эту книгу.

We know of the book being read. – Мы знаем, что книгу читают.

We know of the book having been read. – Мы знаем, что книгу прочли.

Образуйте все возможные формы герундия от следующих глаголов:

to produce, to process, to use, to heat, to manufacture, to boil, to freeze, to experiment, to train.