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7.Work in pairs. Write 5 questions covering the basic points of the text and take turns to ask each other.

8.Self-study. Summarize the text.

Role of various international organizations can be gauged from the treaties under which they are established.

1.Expertise in specific matters: One of the main reasons why states want to establish or participate as members of independent international organizations is that such organizations have and can delegate authority in those matters which require knowledge, expertise, information, time and resources that are always not available. International organizations perform actions that enjoy legitimacy and a ect the legitimacy of the State activity.

2.Political neutrality with no vested interests: International organizations provide a platform for depoliticized and specific unbiased discussions in a much more e ective way than any other arrangement. They delineate the specific terms of ongoing interactions between States and strive to balance the relationships between stronger and weaker nations, between interests and knowledge. This is because international organizations participate as independent and neutral actors on the global stage and this helps in increasing the e ciency and legitimacy of their individual or collective decisions. Thus, International organizations are instrumental in ensuring international cooperation.

3.However, the main aim of international organizations continues to be to facilitate negotiations and implement agreements and treaties, dispute resolution, and o ering technical assistance and monetary assistance and developing rules. Specific International organizations cater to a specific problem or issue faced by the global community.

4.Peaceful dispute settlement: One of the fundamental ways in which international organizations can contribute and uphold international law is by a peaceful settlement of disputes. Without such a mechanism, the global world which is always in a constant state of anarchy and will descend into the Hobbesian “State of nature”, which is a state

52 Chapter II. International Legal Regulation of Innovations

of war of everyone against everyone and the life in it will be “nasty and brutish”.

5.Legislative functions: International organizations perform various specialized legislative and supervisory functions, which involves developing a framework for cooperation, treaties, developing rules etc. However, it does not act as a world parliament. For instance, resolutions passed by the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) are binding on member states. Similarly, the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO), World Health Organisation (WHO), International Labour Organisation (ILO) perform specialized legislative and regulatory functions.

Unit 4

INNOVATION AND INTERNATIONAL

NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS

Lead-in

1. Discuss the questions in pairs. Use the following word-combinations.

1.Have you ever heard about non-governmental organizations? Can you name any of them?

2.What do you know of their activities?

2.Read the text.

Text

Vocabulary

1.to be a key attribute of smth — быть важным характерным признаком чего-л.

2.to meet the scale of current global changes — соответствовать всему спектру современных глобальных изменений

3.to stay relevant — оставаться востребованным

4.non-profit institutions — некоммерческие организации

5.to promote partnership — поощрять, содействовать сотрудничеству

54Chapter II. International Legal Regulation of Innovations

6.dedicated financial resources — целевые, выделяемые денежные ресурсы

7.albeit — хотя

8.to create a dedicated fund — создать целевой фонд

9.R&D lab — научно-исследовательская лаборатория

10.a reconfiguring of resources — перераспределение ресурсов

11.to thrive — процветать

12.outward — видимый, очевидный

Innovation is frequently claimed to be a key attribute of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) working in the field of development. Innovation is critical for organizations wanting to meet the scale of current global challenges, increase their impact and stay relevant in a changing context. NGOs should consider the strategic objectives of their innovation e orts and how it can help improve their future-readiness.

Most NGOs don’t yet have a clear or precise organizational definition of innovation. This is perhaps not surprising given that social innovation is a practice-led field, which has developed without clear boundaries, definitions or meaning.

Although innovation has most typically been considered in the context of the commercial firm and the contribution it makes to an organization’s prosperity by improving market share, the benefits of innovation in the areas of service provision and the not-for-profit sector are increasingly being recognized. It is argued that in the rapidly changing environment of multilateral and bilateral contracting, non-profit institutions need innovation as much as businesses or governments, and many have attributed the comparative advantage of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) over governments and o cial donors to their innovation-related characteristics.

The governments have a natural tendency towards centralization, bureaucracy and control. NGOs, on the other hand, are distinguished by their flexibility, willingness to innovate, and emphasis on the nonhierarchical values and relationships required to promote true partnership and participation.

There is a growing recognition that innovation needs su cient time and resource. Alongside this, there is acknowledgment of the need for dedicated financial resources to support such work. As a result, the allocation of resources to innovation is increasing among NGOs (albeit from a very low base).

The most common way for NGOs to resource innovation is through the creation of a dedicated innovation fund to finance new ideas. While an innovation fund is a good way to allocate money to innovation, some NGOs have found that they fail to generate quality ideas from within the organization in the absence of building sta capability and a supportive innovation process.

It is also becoming increasingly common for the larger organizations to set up their own innovation labs, R&D labs, and teams, employing specialists.

These allow individuals to carve out space for innovation and, in some cases, create new cultures that better support innovation.

Organizations that want to innovate require strategic intent, dedicated leadership and a reconfiguring of organizational resources to achieving this. The cultures of organizations that will thrive in the coming decade will be di erent to those that thrived in the last decade because the rate of change is increasing.

They will be highly collaborative across disciplines, flatter, highly connected, open to experimentation and learning, open to considered risk-taking, very outward facing and able to co-create value with other organizations.

3.Give Russian equivalents to the following words and word combinations.

a.to be critical for smth

b.current global changes

c.service provision

d.multilateral contracting

e.true partnership

f.to carve out space for

g.dedicated leadership

h.o cial donors

4.Find English equivalents to the following words and word combinations in the text.

a.влияние

b.некоммерческая организация

c.гибкость

d.выделить деньги на что-л.

e.наращивание кадрового потенциала

f.рыночная доля

g.совместный

5.Match the English word combinations on the left with their synonyms on the right.

56 Chapter II. International Legal Regulation of Innovations

6.Say whether the following statements are true or false. Correct the false ones.

1.NGOs have a natural tendency towards centralization and control.

2.Governments are distinguished by flexibility, innovation and nonhierarchical values.

3.Innovation needs su cient time and resource.

4.A good way to allocate money to innovation is to use innovation fund.

5.Innovation labs are increasingly set up by the larger organizations.

6.Some NGOs generate quality ideas in the absence of building sta capability.

7.Answer the following questions.

1.Why is innovation critical for NGOs?

2.What is the di erence between governments and NGOs?

3.What are the main needs of innovation?

4.What is the most common way for NGOs to resource innovation?

5.Do the larger organizations increasingly set up their own innovation labs?

6.What do organizations require if they want to innovate?

8.Translate the sentences into Russian.

1.Non-governmental organization (NGO) is the organization with social or political aims and is not controlled by any government.

2.An International non-governmental organization extends the concept of a non-governmental organization to an international scope.

3.NGOs are distinguished by their flexibility, willingness to innovate, and emphasis on the hierarchical values and relationships required to promote true partnership.

4.The most common way for NGOs to resource innovation is through a creation of a dedicated innovation fund to finance new ideas.

5.An innovation fund is a good way to allocate money to innovation.

9.Translate the sentences into English.

1.«Любые действующие на территории России неправительственные организации (НПО), в том числе религиозные, обязаны уважать и соблюдать российское законодательство», — заявил министр иностранных дел РФ Сергей Лавров на совместной пресс-конференции по итогам переговоров с финским коллегой Пеккой Хаависто.

2.Президент России Владимир Путин считает, что законодательство о неправительственных организациях (НПО) не должно

оставлять лазейки для тех, кто пытается в России защищать интересы других государств, сообщает «РИА Новости».

3.Владимир Путин на встрече с членами совета палаты Совета Федерации заявил, что необходимо совершенствовать наши правила, законы, нормативную базу и конкретизировать понятие «политическая деятельность».

10.Render the newspaper article into English.

Путин подписал закон, запрещающий финансировать нежелательные НПО

Президент России Владимир Путин подписал закон о введении уголовной ответственности в виде лишения свободы на срок до пяти лет за участие в финансировании иностранной или международной неправительственной организации (НПО), признанной в России нежелательной.

Соответствующий документ опубликован на официальном интер- нет-портале правовой информации.

Как говорится в законе, предоставление пожертвований, сбор средств или оказание финансовых услуг, предназначенных для деятельности на территории России нежелательной НПО, будет караться лишением свободы на срок от одного года до пяти лет, либо принудительными работами на срок до четырех лет с ограничением свободы на срок до двух лет, либо обязательными работами на срок до 360 часов. Также может последовать лишение права занимать определенные должности или заниматься определенной деятельностью на срок до десяти лет.

Также закон предусматривает, что за организацию деятельности на территории России иностранной или международной нежелательной НПО может грозить лишение свободы на срок от двух до шести лет или обязательные либо принудительные работы.

Простое участие в деятельности такой НПО будет караться лишением свободы на срок от одного года до четырех лет либо штрафами в размере от 300 до 500 тысяч рублей, обязательными или принудительными работами.

По словам председателя комитета Совета Федерации по конституционному законодательству Андрея Клишаса, новый закон не увеличивает санкции за организацию работы в России нежелательной НПО или участие в ней. «Для организаторов деятельности нежелательной организации максимальная санкция в виде лишения свободы остается неизменной — до шести лет, а для участников нежелательной организации снижается с шести лет до четырех лет лишения свободы», — сказал он.

В законе отмечается, что от уголовной ответственности будут освобождены те, кто добровольно прекратил участие в деятельности ино-

58 Chapter II. International Legal Regulation of Innovations

странной или международной нежелательной НПО, способствовал пресечению деятельности такой организации, для которой собирал деньги, и активно способствовал расследованию преступления.

11.Read the quotes on innovation. Choose one and discuss it in pairs. Present your findings to your peers.

“Learning and innovation go hand in hand. The arrogance of success is to think that what you did yesterday will be sufficient for tomorrow.”

—WilliamPollard

Chapter III. LEGALTECH

Unit 1

LEGALTECH: THREATS AND OPPORTUNITIES

Lead-in

1.Discuss the questions in pairs.

1.What does the legal sector need to be successful in the 21st century?

2.Do you agree that the legal industry must modernize and join technological innovations?

2.Read the text and answer the following questions.

1.What does the term LegalTech refer to?

2.What tools fall into the category of legal technologies?

3.What is the purpose of the active integration of legal technologies in the legal market?

4.What challenges have lawyers and law firms faced recently due to the pandemic?

5.How can legal tech solutions utilized by law firms increase their e ciency?

Text 1

What is LegalTech?

Vocabulary

1.to gain greater competitive advantage — получить больше конкурентных преимуществ

2.transition to telecommuting environment — переход в дистанционный режим работы

3.Artificial Intelligence (AI) — искусственный интеллект