Темы для гос экзамена

11. Монологическое высказывание и беседа на тему: Lost civilizations. Endangered languages. What can we learn from the past of humanity?

Throughout history, powerful civilizations have risen, flourished, and then disappeared— sometimes slowly, sometimes suddenly. The ruins of places like Mesopotamia, the Indus Valley, and the Maya cities remind us of the complexity and fragility of human societies. Alongside these lost civilizations, many languages have vanished—or are now on the verge of extinction—taking with them unique worldviews, knowledge systems, and cultural memory.

The study of lost civilizations reveals that no society is immune to collapse. Natural disasters, warfare, disease, climate change, and internal decline can all contribute to downfall. For example, historians believe the Maya civilization suffered from a mix of environmental stress and political instability. These cases are not just archaeological curiosities—they are warnings. They show how interconnected systems can fail, and how important sustainability, diplomacy, and adaptation are to survival.

Just as we lose ancient cities, we also lose languages. Linguists estimate that nearly half of the world’s 7,000 languages are endangered. Every language encodes cultural knowledge, oral history, and a unique way of understanding the world. When a language dies, humanity loses a part of its collective mind. Language extinction is often the result of colonization, globalization, and the dominance of a few “world languages” like English or Spanish.

Yet, the past also offers hope. By studying ancient societies, we discover incredible advances in astronomy, engineering, medicine, and philosophy. Indigenous agricultural practices, for example, are increasingly valued in ecological science today. Similarly, revitalization efforts—like immersion schools and digital language archives—are helping endangered languages survive and even grow.

From the past, we learn humility: human progress is not guaranteed. But we also gain perspective: innovation, resilience, and diversity have always been central to human survival.

In conclusion, the stories of lost civilizations and dying languages are not just about endings— they are about what we choose to remember and preserve. The past teaches us not only what went wrong, but also what we can still protect. Our challenge is to listen carefully to history—and to ensure that the voices of the past continue to speak into the future.

1. What are the main reasons why civilizations disappear?

Natural disasters, climate change, wars, epidemics, economic collapse, and political instability.

2. Why is the loss of a language significant for humanity?

Because each language contains unique cultural knowledge, values, and a distinct worldview.

3. Can you name examples of lost civilizations and what we learned from them?

Maya (astronomy, calendars), Mesopotamia (writing systems), Indus Valley (urban planning), Ancient Egypt (medicine, architecture).

4. What are the main causes of language extinction today?

Globalization, cultural assimilation, colonization, lack of intergenerational transmission.

5. What can we do to preserve endangered languages?

Support language revitalization programs, education in native languages, digital archiving, and community involvement.

6. How can modern society benefit from studying ancient cultures?

By adopting sustainable practices, understanding long-term social patterns, and learning from past mistakes.

7. Why do you think many people ignore endangered languages?

Because dominant global languages overshadow them, and many see them as less “useful” or economically valuable.

8. Do you believe modern civilization could also collapse one day? Why or why not? (Open-ended) Encourages reflection on sustainability, climate change, and historical patterns.

9. What are endangered languages?

Endangered languages are languages that are at risk of disappearing because they are spoken by very few people, often older generations, and are not being transmitted to children. If no measures are taken, these languages may become extinct within one or two generations. Linguists estimate that nearly half of the world’s 7,000 languages are currently endangered, making language loss one of the most urgent cultural issues of our time.

12. Монологическое высказывание и беседа на тему: European conquest of the New World. Exterminated tribes. Colonial legacy.

The European conquest of the New World, starting in the late 15th century, was one of the most transformative and tragic chapters in human history. It reshaped continents and cultures, often at an immense human cost. Among its darkest consequences was the extermination of numerous indigenous tribes and the lasting colonial legacy that still affects societies today.

When Europeans—mainly Spanish, Portuguese, English, and French—arrived in the Americas, they encountered diverse native civilizations with rich languages and traditions. But conquest brought war, slavery, and deadly diseases like smallpox. The combination led to the catastrophic decline of indigenous populations, often described as genocide.

This destruction was not only physical, but also cultural. Native languages, customs, and beliefs were suppressed. Colonizers imposed their religion, language, and systems of power. As a result, deep social and racial inequalities were formed—many of which still exist today.

The language of colonization often described indigenous peoples as “savages,” justifying exploitation. These narratives shaped public opinion for centuries and still affect how history is taught and understood. Today, decolonizing history means giving voice to indigenous perspectives and challenging Eurocentric views.

Despite centuries of oppression, many indigenous groups have preserved their identities and continue to fight for rights, land, and cultural survival. Scholars, educators, and activists are now working to recognize these histories and support reconciliation.

In conclusion, the European conquest led to the near destruction of countless tribes and left behind a complex legacy. To move forward, we must understand this past and support the revival of indigenous voices, cultures, and justice.

1.What were the main consequences of the European conquest for indigenous peoples? Massive population decline, loss of land, cultural suppression, introduction of diseases, and forced labor.

2.Why is the term “genocide” used in this context?

Because entire populations were intentionally or systematically destroyed through violence, disease, and exploitation.

3. How did the colonizers justify their actions?

By using dehumanizing language and portraying indigenous peoples as “uncivilized” or “savage.”

4. What does “colonial legacy” mean?

Long-term consequences of colonization: racial inequality, cultural loss, political instability, and economic imbalance.

5. How has the perception of colonization changed in modern times?

It is now more critically assessed, with greater attention to indigenous voices and historical justice.

6. How do indigenous peoples preserve their identity today?

Through language revival, cultural education, legal activism, and international recognition of their rights.

7. What role does language play in colonial domination?

Language was used as a tool of control—imposing the colonizers’ language and erasing native ones.

8. Why is it important to study this topic today?

To understand historical injustices, recognize present inequalities, and support reconciliation and cultural preservation.

13. Монологическое высказывание и беседа на тему: Technological progress: pros and cons. Name the invention which has shaped the life of humanity. Can you predict what other achievement in the sphere of technology might become a reality in 20 years?

Technological progress has dramatically changed the way we live, work, and communicate. On the positive side, it has brought incredible benefits such as improved healthcare, faster communication, and access to vast amounts of information.

Innovations like the internet, smartphones, and medical technologies have made life more convenient and connected.

However, technological progress also has its downsides. It can lead to job losses as machines replace human labor, increase our dependence on gadgets, and raise concerns about privacy and data security. Additionally, the rapid pace of change can create social divides between those who have access to technology and those who do not.

If I had to name one invention that has shaped the life of humanity, I would say it’s the internet.

The internet has revolutionized communication, education, business, and entertainment, connecting billions of people worldwide and making information accessible instantly.

Looking 20 years into the future, I predict that artificial intelligence and robotics will become even more advanced and integrated into our daily lives. We might see fully autonomous vehicles, intelligent personal assistants, and advanced medical robots performing surgeries. Virtual reality and augmented reality could also transform education and entertainment, creating immersive experiences we can hardly imagine today.

In conclusion, technological progress brings both opportunities and challenges. It is important to use technology wisely and ensure that its benefits are shared by all.

1. What are the main advantages of technological progress?

Technological progress improves healthcare, communication, education, and makes everyday life more convenient.

2. What are some disadvantages of technological progress?

It can lead to job losses, increase dependence on devices, cause privacy issues, and create social divides.

3. Which invention has had the biggest impact on humanity?

The internet, because it connects people worldwide and provides instant access to information.

4. How has the internet changed the world?

It revolutionized communication, education, business, and entertainment, making them more accessible.

5. What technological achievements do you expect to see in the next 20 years?

Advanced artificial intelligence, autonomous vehicles, improved virtual and augmented reality, and medical robots.

6. How might artificial intelligence affect our daily lives?

It could help with tasks like driving, personal assistance, healthcare, and making decisions more efficient.

7. What are the risks of relying too much on technology?

Risks include loss of jobs, reduced social interaction, privacy breaches, and potential misuse of technology.

8. Do you think technology will benefit everyone equally?

Not necessarily; there is a risk of inequality between those with access to technology and those without.

9. How can society ensure technology is used responsibly?

By creating laws, ethical guidelines, and educating people about safe and fair use.

10. What role does technology play in education today?

Technology provides access to information, online courses, interactive learning, and global communication.

14. Монологическое высказывание и беседа на тему: “The human body is the only machine for which there are no spare parts.” Hermann M. Biggs (an American physician and pioneer in the field of public health who helped apply the science of bacteriology to the prevention and control of infectious diseases).

This quote by Herman M. Biggs, a pioneer of public health, emphasizes a simple truth: the human body, unlike a machine, cannot be fully repaired or replaced. It reminds us of the value of health and the importance of prevention over treatment.

The metaphor of the body as a machine is common: we speak of the heart as a pump or the brain as a processor. But, unlike machines, the body has no true spare parts. Modern medicine can replace some organs, but it’s never as simple as changing a component. That’s why lifestyle, hygiene, and early care are so essential.

Biggs was one of the first to apply bacteriology to public health. He helped prevent diseases like tuberculosis and diphtheria by focusing on education and prevention, not just treatment — an approach still relevant today.

Language plays a major role in how we view the body and health. Metaphors like “burn out” or “recharge” reflect how we understand physical and mental limits. During the COVID-19 pandemic, terms like “flatten the curve” showed how language can shape public behavior. But we must also be careful: using language that blames people for illness can lead to stigma.

In conclusion, Biggs’s words are a powerful reminder: our bodies are not replaceable, and good health cannot be taken for granted. Both medicine and language should support a culture of prevention, respect, and responsibility.

1. What did Herman M. Biggs means by this quote?

That the human body is irreplaceable and must be protected through prevention, not just treatment.

2. How is the metaphor of the body as a machine helpful or limited?

Helpful for understanding function, but limited because the body can’t be “replaced” like a real machine.

3. How has public health changed thanks to people like Biggs?

Shifted focus from curing diseases to preventing them through hygiene, vaccination, and education.

4. What role does language play in health communication?

Language shapes how people understand health risks, prevention, and their own responsibility.

5.How did the COVID-19 pandemic show the importance of clear health communication?

Phrases like “social distancing” or “flatten the curve” helped people take collective action.

6.What are the dangers of using blame-focused language in health?

It can lead to stigmatization, especially for people with chronic or infectious diseases.

7. Do you think modern society still undervalues prevention?

(Open-ended) Many still focus on treatment, though prevention is cheaper and more effective long-term.

15. Монологическое высказывание и беседа на тему: What are the most effective methods of learning a subject? Speak on the ways of taking notes when listening to a lecture. What strategies do you employ to do a research? To make a report? What problems does an English learner face?

Learning a subject effectively requires a combination of good study habits, active engagement, and the right strategies. One of the most important methods is taking clear and organized notes during lectures. There are several note-taking techniques, such as the Cornell method, which divides the page into sections for notes, cues, and summaries; mind mapping, which helps visualize relationships between ideas; and outlining, which arranges information hierarchically. Choosing the right method depends on the subject and personal preferences.

When it comes to research, a structured approach is crucial. I usually start by defining a clear research question, then gather information from reliable sources such as academic journals, books, and trusted websites. Critical evaluation of sources is important to avoid misinformation.

Taking detailed notes and organizing them by themes or arguments helps to build a logical flow. Digital tools like reference managers can also make this process easier.

Writing a report involves planning, drafting, and revising. First, I create an outline that includes an introduction, main body, and conclusion. Then I write a draft focusing on clarity and coherence, using evidence to support my points. Finally, I proofread and edit the report to correct grammar, style, and logical structure. Time management during this process is key to producing quality work.

English learners face various challenges. Besides grammar and vocabulary, understanding different accents and slang can be difficult. Speaking fluently requires confidence, which often comes from practice and exposure. Listening comprehension can be hard due to the speed of native speakers and unfamiliar expressions. Using multimedia resources like podcasts, movies, and language apps helps improve these skills. Joining language exchange groups or practicing with native speakers boosts speaking ability and cultural understanding.

In conclusion, effective learning combines good note-taking, careful research, and structured writing. Overcoming the difficulties of learning English requires patience, consistent practice, and using diverse resources to develop all language skills.

1. What are the most effective methods of learning a subject?

Effective methods include active note-taking, reviewing material regularly, using different study techniques like summarizing, and practicing with exercises.

2. What note-taking methods do you know?

Some popular methods are the Cornell method, mind mapping, outlining, and charting.

3. How do you decide which note-taking method to use?

It depends on the subject and how the information is presented. For example, mind maps are good for visualizing connections, while the Cornell method works well for lectures.

4.What is the first step you take when starting research? I begin by defining a clear research question or topic.

5.How do you find reliable sources for your research?

I look for academic journals, books, and trusted websites, and I check the credibility of the authors.

6. What strategies do you use to organize information during research?

I take detailed notes, categorize information by themes, and sometimes use digital tools like reference managers.

7. How do you prepare a report after collecting research?

I create an outline, write a draft focusing on clarity and evidence, and then revise and proofread it carefully.

8. What common problems do English learners face?

Challenges include understanding different accents, mastering grammar, building vocabulary, and gaining speaking confidence.

9. How can English learners improve their listening skills?

By listening to podcasts, watching movies, and practicing with native speakers.

10. Why is practicing speaking important for English learners?

Because it helps build fluency, confidence, and the ability to communicate in real-life situations.

11. How can technology help in learning English?

Technology provides access to apps, online courses, language exchange platforms, and multimedia resources.

12. What role does time management play in effective learning?

Good time management ensures consistent study habits and prevents last-minute cramming.

16. Монологическое высказывание и беседа на тему: Define the role of computers in language learning and linguistics. How has it changed in the last 50 years? How can computers assist in communication?

Over the last 50 years, computers have transformed both language learning and linguistic research. What began with basic grammar drills has developed into AI-driven, interactive environments that support both students and researchers.

In the 1970s–80s, computers were mainly used for repetitive grammar and vocabulary exercises. In linguistics, they helped compile large text corpora, allowing researchers to analyze patterns in language use, frequency, and structure. This led to more accurate dictionaries and descriptive grammars.

With the rise of the internet, Computer-Assisted Language Learning (CALL) became more dynamic. Learners got access to audio, video, forums, and eventually to adaptive platforms that adjusted to their needs. Today, apps like Duolingo or Memrise personalize learning, while tools like Grammarly and DeepL improve writing and translation.

In linguistics, software now handles phonetic analysis, discourse structure, and even sentiment detection. Natural Language Processing (NLP) allows computers to understand and generate human-like text, which supports translation, language teaching, and research.

Computers also improve communication across cultures. Machine translation, though not perfect, allows basic understanding. Speech-to-text, text-to-speech, and instant messaging translations remove barriers in education, travel, and business.

Still, there are challenges. Machine translation lacks nuance. Overuse of tech may reduce realworld communication and cultural immersion. And many tools still focus mainly on widely spoken languages.

In conclusion, computers have become essential in language learning and linguistics. They increase speed, access, and personalization, but must be used wisely — as assistants, not replacements for human interaction, creativity, and cultural understanding.

1. How were computers used in language learning 50 years ago?

Mainly for grammar drills and vocabulary exercises; very limited interaction and feedback.

2. What is the role of corpora in linguistics?

Corpora are large collections of texts used to analyze real language use (frequency, collocations, syntax, etc.).

3. How has the internet changed language learning?

Made learning interactive, accessible, and global — with multimedia, online exchange, and realtime feedback.

4. What technologies are used today in language education?

AI-powered apps, chatbots, pronunciation tools, grammar checkers, translation software.