Темы для гос экзамена

1. Монологическое высказывание и беседа на тему: “Travelling – it leaves you speechless, then turns you into a storyteller”. Ibn Buttuta (Ibn Baṭūṭah, or simply Muhammad Ibn Battuta, was an explorer of Berber descent, who is widely recognized as one of the greatest travelers of all time). Focus on language means to describe your tourist experiences.

This quote by the famous Moroccan explorer Ibn Battuta perfectly captures the essence of travel. At first, you are overwhelmed by powerful impressions—new cultures, unfamiliar landscapes, surprising encounters. You are stunned into silence. But later, the desire to share, to explain, to relive the experience through language becomes stronger than ever. This is when traveling turns you into a storyteller.

Traveling is not just a physical act; it is also an emotional and cultural journey. It helps us broaden our worldview, break stereotypes, and understand both others and ourselves. But it is language that gives meaning to these experiences. Without words—spoken or written—we cannot fully express what we’ve seen, felt, or learned.

One of the strongest tools we use when describing travel is descriptive language. We rely on adjectives to create vivid images: vibrant cities, breathtaking landscapes, welcoming people. We use strong verbs: we wandered, explored, discovered.

Figurative language, such as similes and metaphors, helps us express emotion and beauty:

“The desert stretched before us like a golden ocean,” or “The village was wrapped in silence like a warm blanket.” This type of language doesn’t just inform—it helps others feel what we felt.

In addition, storytelling helps us preserve cultural memory. Like Ibn Battuta, who described not only geography but also customs and values of the 14th century, we too can document our time and our vision of the world. In this sense, language is both creative and historical.

Traveling also improves our linguistic skills. We practice foreign languages, understand gestures and tones, and learn how communication works in different societies. As a linguist, I find it especially fascinating how travel increases our cross-cultural awareness.

Finally, storytelling is also about self-reflection. When we describe a journey, we reflect on it: What surprised me? What challenged me? What did I learn? Language becomes a mirror that shows how the journey changed us.

To conclude, I believe that travel is one of the most powerful forms of education. And storytelling is its natural continuation. As Ibn Battuta said: “It leaves you speechless, then turns you into a storyteller.” And I truly believe that this is one of the most valuable gifts that travel gives us.

1. Why do people travel?

People travel for many reasons: to relax, to learn about other cultures, to discover new places, or simply to escape their daily routine. Some people travel for work or education. Personally, I believe that travel helps us grow as individuals and become more open-minded.

2. What’s the most impressive place you’ve ever visited?

The most impressive place I’ve visited was Saint Petersburg. The architecture, the history, and the atmosphere were unforgettable. I especially enjoyed the Hermitage Museum — it felt like walking through time. It was a place that truly left me speechless.

3. Do you prefer traveling alone or with someone? Why?

I prefer traveling with one or two close friends. It’s more fun to share experiences, and you can support each other in unfamiliar situations. But sometimes, I enjoy being alone — it gives me time to reflect and connect more deeply with the place.

4. What are some challenges travelers face?

Travelers may face language barriers, culture shock, transportation issues, or even health problems. It’s important to be flexible, patient, and respectful of other cultures to deal with these challenges successfully.

5. How can traveling improve your language skills?

When you travel, you often need to speak a foreign language to communicate — in hotels, restaurants, or with locals. You also listen to native speakers, read signs, and even learn slang or informal expressions. It’s a very practical and effective way to improve.

6. Do you think storytelling can influence people’s perception of a country?

Yes, absolutely. A powerful story can change the way we see a country or culture. It can break stereotypes, inspire interest, or even motivate someone to visit that place. That’s why language and storytelling are such important tools in shaping opinions.

7. What would you tell a foreigner who wants to visit your country?

I would tell them to explore both big cities and smaller towns to feel the contrast and richness of our culture. I would also recommend learning a few basic phrases in Russian — it shows respect and helps build a connection with locals.

2. Монологическое высказывание и беседа на тему: Wikipedia – part of a new global brain. Reliable/unreliable sources of information. Comment on the traditional methods of passing the information between generations in the history of mankind

Wikipedia today can be seen as part of a "global brain" — a space where people from all over the world share and store knowledge. It represents a shift from traditional methods of passing information to a digital, open-access model. In earlier times, knowledge was passed orally through stories, songs, and rituals. Later, with the invention of writing, people began to record information in manuscripts, books, and scrolls. Access to these sources was limited to a privileged few.

Today, Wikipedia is accessible to anyone with an internet connection. It allows fast access to a wide range of topics. However, this open structure creates both strengths and weaknesses. On the one hand, articles can be updated quickly and collaboratively. On the other hand, not all contributions are reliable or accurate.

Since anyone can edit Wikipedia, mistakes and bias are possible. That’s why users should always check the references and compare different sources. Reliable sources include academic journals, expert publications, and official documents. Unreliable sources often include personal blogs or opinion-based content.

Wikipedia is a great starting point, but not always the final authority. Critical thinking and factchecking remain essential. Despite its flaws, Wikipedia reflects humanity’s collective desire to preserve and share knowledge. It continues the long tradition of passing information between generations — only now, on a global, digital scale.

1.Do you think Wikipedia can really be considered part of a "global brain"? Why or why not? Yes, I think so. Wikipedia connects people from all over the world and allows them to create and share knowledge together, just like a collective brain.

2.What are the advantages of using Wikipedia for learning and research?

Wikipedia is free, fast, and available in many languages. It covers almost any topic and is updated regularly.

3. What are some risks or drawbacks of relying too much on Wikipedia?

Since anyone can edit it, some information may be biased, incorrect, or incomplete. It's not always checked by experts.

4. How can we tell if a source of information is reliable?

Reliable sources usually have clear authorship, use evidence, cite experts, and are published by respected institutions.

5. Why is it important to check the sources used in a Wikipedia article?

Because the quality of the article depends on its sources. If the references are weak or missing, the information might be unreliable.

6.How was knowledge passed from one generation to another before writing was invented? Through oral traditions — stories, songs, and rituals. People memorized important facts and passed them down by speaking.

7.What role did storytelling play in traditional cultures?

Storytelling helped preserve history, teach moral lessons, and entertain. It was an essential part of cultural life.

8. Do you think oral traditions are still important today?

Yes, especially in indigenous and rural communities. They help keep cultural identity and history alive.

9.Should schools and universities allow students to use Wikipedia as a source? Why or why not? It can be used as a starting point, but not as the main source. Students should verify the information and look for academic references.

10.In your opinion, what is the best way to preserve and pass on important information today? We should combine digital tools like Wikipedia with traditional archives and education systems. It’s important to use both technology and critical thinking.

3.Монологическое высказывание и беседа на тему: Englishes all over the

globe.

English is no longer just the language of England or the United States. It has become a truly global means of communication, spoken by millions of people across the world—each group adding its own local flavor. In fact, linguists today often speak not of “English,” but of “Englishes,” to reflect the rich variety of forms the language takes globally.

There are many well-established varieties: British English, American English, Australian English, Indian English, Nigerian English, and so on. These versions of English differ in pronunciation, spelling, vocabulary, and sometimes even grammar. For example, in British English, people say "flat," while in American English, the word is "apartment." In Indian English, it’s common to say "prepone" for "reschedule to an earlier date"—a word that does not exist in most other varieties of English but is perfectly accepted in India.

These differences are not mistakes—they are signs of linguistic adaptation. English is a flexible, dynamic language that evolves depending on local cultures, histories, and needs. In many African and Asian countries, English has blended with native languages to form unique hybrid forms, often with local idioms, expressions, and even new grammar patterns.

While some people worry that global English is becoming "too fragmented" or “too mixed,” others argue that this diversity is a source of richness. As long as mutual understanding is preserved, the existence of multiple Englishes is not a problem. In fact, it reflects the nature of language as a living system—always changing, always responding to its speakers.

Globalization, migration, and digital communication continue to shape English in new ways. From international business meetings to TikTok videos, people use English to express themselves in ways that reflect their local identity as well as their global awareness.

In the future, English will likely keep evolving into even more varieties, each meaningful in its own context. And that’s a natural and healthy process. After all, language is not fixed—it grows, shifts, and adapts, just like the world it describes. Global English, with all its forms and colors, is a perfect example of that evolution.

1. What does the term “Englishes” mean?

It refers to the different varieties of English spoken around the world. Each region has its own version, like British English, Indian English, or Nigerian English.

2. Why are there so many varieties of English?

Because English is spoken in many countries, and it naturally changes to fit local cultures, accents, and traditions.

3. Can you give examples of how English differs in different countries?

Sure. In the UK, people say "lorry," while in the US they say "truck." In India, you might hear

“prepone,” which means to move something to an earlier time.

4. Is it a problem that English is spoken in different ways?

Not really. As long as people understand each other, it's not a problem. It shows how flexible and global the language is.

5. How has English become a global language?

Through colonization, trade, the internet, movies, and education — English spread to many parts of the world.

6. Which variety of English do you speak or learn?

I mostly learn British English (or American English, etc.), but I understand that there are many versions.

7. Should we try to speak only "standard English"?

It depends. In formal situations, standard English is useful. But in real life, people speak many varieties, and that’s okay.

8. Do native English speakers always understand non-native speakers?

Not always. Sometimes accents or local expressions cause confusion, but usually they can understand each other with effort.

9. Do you think English will continue to change in the future?

Yes, definitely. Like all languages, English will keep evolving and adapting to new cultures and technologies.

10. What’s the most interesting variety of English you’ve heard?

Personally, I found Australian English interesting because of its accent and slang. It sounds very different from what we learn in school.

4. Монологическое высказывание и беседа на тему: Phobias. What are the roots of the most spread fears?

Phobias are intense, irrational fears of specific objects, situations, or activities. Unlike ordinary fears, phobias can disrupt a person’s daily life and behavior. Common examples include acrophobia (fear of heights), arachnophobia (fear of spiders), and aviophobia (fear of flying). There are also unusual phobias, such as fear of holes (trypophobia) or fear of technology (technophobia).

Where do such fears come from?

Evolutionary roots: Some phobias are believed to be inherited from our ancestors. Fear of snakes, darkness, or insects may have helped early humans avoid real threats. Our brains are programmed to detect danger — sometimes overreacting to harmless things.

Negative experiences: Many phobias begin after a traumatic event. For example, being bitten by a dog may cause lifelong fear. Even one strong emotional reaction can leave a deep mark on the subconscious.

Social and cultural influence: Children often “absorb” fears from parents or media. If a child sees repeated warnings about elevators or flying, they may develop anxiety around these topics even without personal experience.

Genetic and psychological factors: Some people are more anxious by nature. Phobias are more common among people who have other anxiety-related conditions, and they often run in families.

In modern times, people also develop new phobias, such as nomophobia (fear of being without a smartphone) or social phobia, reflecting emotional or social pressure rather than physical danger.

Fortunately, phobias can be treated. Cognitive-behavioral therapy, especially exposure therapy, helps people gradually face their fears. Relaxation techniques and psychological support also play an important role.

To sum up, phobias are deeply rooted in our biology and experience. Understanding their origins can help us treat them more effectively and reduce stigma. Fear is a natural part of being human

— the key is not to let it control our lives.

1. What is a phobia?

A phobia is an intense, irrational fear of something that usually does not pose real danger.

2. What are some common examples of phobias?

Common phobias include fear of heights (acrophobia), fear of spiders (arachnophobia), and fear of flying (aviophobia).

3. Where do many phobias come from?

Many phobias come from evolutionary survival instincts or negative personal experiences.

4. How can evolution explain fear of spiders or snakes?

Our ancestors who avoided dangerous animals like snakes or spiders were more likely to survive, so fear of them was passed down.

5. Can personal experiences cause phobias?

Yes, for example, a person bitten by a dog may develop a fear of dogs.

6. Are phobias always caused by direct experiences?

No, sometimes people learn fears from family members or society.

7. Can genetics influence phobias?

Yes, some people may be more prone to anxiety and fear due to their genetic makeup.

8. How do modern phobias differ from traditional ones?

New phobias include fear of technology or social situations, reflecting changes in society.

9. Can phobias be treated?

Yes, treatments like therapy and gradual exposure can help reduce or eliminate phobias.

10. Why is it important to understand the roots of phobias?

Understanding the causes helps doctors and therapists choose the best way to help people overcome their fears.

11. What is stronger: fear or phobia?

A phobia is stronger than ordinary fear. While fear is a natural and rational response to real danger, a phobia is an intense, irrational fear of something that is usually not dangerous. Phobias can cause panic attacks, avoidance behavior, and interfere with daily life. They are often longlasting and may require psychological treatment. In contrast, fear usually disappears once the threat is gone and does not significantly affect a person's lifestyle.

5. Монологическое высказывание и беседа на тему: Different types of intellect. How does your cognition develop? Senses and their importance in our life. What techniques are employed to describe them in fiction?

Intellect is often thought of as the ability to think and reason logically, but in reality, there are many different types of intellect. For example, there is analytical intelligence, which helps us solve problems and understand complex ideas. There is also emotional intelligence, which allows us to understand and manage our own emotions and those of others. Creative intelligence helps people come up with new ideas and innovations. Practical intelligence, which is often called "street smarts," helps us deal with everyday challenges. All these types work together in our daily lives, shaping the way we think, decide, and interact with the world.

Our cognition, or the way we process and understand information, develops from early childhood. It is shaped by our experiences, education, and the environment around us. Our senses play a crucial role in this process. We gather information through sight, hearing, touch, taste, and smell. These senses allow us to interact with the world, notice details, and respond to different situations. The richer our sensory experiences, the deeper and more flexible our thinking becomes.

In literature and fiction, authors use various techniques to describe the senses and bring their stories to life. For example, sensory imagery uses descriptive language that appeals to the five senses, helping readers feel, see, hear, or even taste what the characters experience. Writers may also use metaphors and similes to make sensory descriptions more vivid and memorable. These literary tools not only create atmosphere but also allow us to connect emotionally with the text.

In conclusion, intellect is multifaceted and deeply connected to our sensory experiences. Both are essential for how we understand the world and express ourselves—especially through art, storytelling, and human interaction. The more we develop different types of intelligence and pay attention to our senses, the richer our perception of life becomes.

1. What are the different types of intellect?

There are several types, including analytical intelligence, emotional intelligence, and creative intelligence.

2. How does cognition develop?

Cognition develops from childhood through experiences, education, and interaction with the environment.

3. Why are senses important for cognition?

Senses provide the information we need to understand and interact with the world around us.

4. Which senses do humans have?

Humans have five main senses: sight, hearing, touch, taste, and smell.

5. How do writers describe senses in fiction?

They use sensory imagery, metaphors, similes, and detailed descriptions to help readers imagine the experience.

6. What is sensory imagery?

Sensory imagery is language that appeals to one or more of the five senses to create vivid mental images.

7.Can emotional intelligence be as important as analytical intelligence? Why?

Yes, because emotional intelligence helps us understand and manage emotions, which is crucial for relationships and decision-making.

8. How does creative intelligence help people?

It allows people to think outside the box, come up with new ideas, and solve problems in innovative ways.

9. Can cognition change throughout life?

Yes, cognition can continue to develop and adapt with new experiences and learning.

10. Why do you think it is important for fiction to include sensory descriptions?

Because sensory descriptions make stories more vivid and engaging, helping readers connect emotionally with the text.