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.pdf11. Монологическое высказывание и беседа на тему: Lost civilizations. Endangered languages. What can we learn from the past of
humanity?
Throughout history, powerful civilizations have risen, flourished, and then disappeared—sometimes slowly, sometimes suddenly. The ruins of places like Mesopotamia, the Indus Valley, and the Maya cities remind us of how complicated and delicate human societies are. At the same time as these lost civilizations, many languages have disappeared—or are now close to disappearing—taking with them unique worldviews, knowledge systems, and cultural memory.
Studying lost civilizations shows us that no society is safe from falling apart. Natural disasters, wars, sickness, climate changes, and problems inside the society can all cause a collapse. For example, historians think the Maya civilization had many problems because of damage to the environment and political troubles. These stories are not just interesting old facts — they teach us important lessons. They show how different parts of a society can break down, and why it is important to take care of the environment, solve problems peacefully, and be ready to change in order to survive.
Just like we lose old cities, we also lose languages. Experts say that almost half of the 7,000 languages in the world are in danger of disappearing. Each language holds culture, stories, and a special way of seeing the world. When a language disappears, we lose part of our shared knowledge. Languages often die because of colonization, the spread of global culture, and the fact that only a few languages like English or Spanish are used everywhere.
However, the past also gives us reasons to be hopeful. When we study old civilizations, we find amazing discoveries in stars, building, medicine, and thinking. For example, traditional farming ways used by native people are now seen as very useful in nature science. Also, projects like language schools and online archives are helping endangered languages to stay alive and even grow.
From history, we learn to be careful and humble: progress is not always certain. But we also understand that new ideas, the power to recover, and having many different cultures have always helped people survive.
In conclusion, the stories of lost civilizations and dying languages are not just about endings—they are about what we choose to remember and preserve. The past
teaches us not only what went wrong, but also what we can still protect. Our challenge is to listen carefully to history—and to ensure that the voices of the past continue to speak into the future.
12. Монологическое высказывание и беседа на тему: European conquest of the New World. Exterminated tribes. Colonial legacy.
The European conquest of the New World, starting in the late 15th century, was one of the most transformative and tragic chapters in human history. It changed continents and cultures, often at a great human cost. Among its worst results was the killing of numerous indigenous groups and the lasting colonial legacy that still affects societies today.
When Europeans—mainly Spanish, Portuguese, English, and French—arrived in the Americas, they encountered diverse native civilizations with rich languages and traditions. But conquest brought war, slavery, and deadly diseases like smallpox. The combination led to the catastrophic decline of indigenous populations, often described as genocide.
This destruction was not only physical, but also cultural. Native languages, customs, and beliefs were forced to disappear. Colonizers forced their religion, language, and systems of power on the people. As a result, deep social and racial differences were formed—many of which still exist today.
The language of colonization often described indigenous peoples as “savages,” to excuse taking their land and resources. These narratives shaped public opinion for centuries and still affect how history is taught and understood. Today, decolonizing history means giving voice to indigenous perspectives and challenging Eurocentric views.
Despite centuries of oppression, many indigenous groups have preserved their identities and continue to fight for rights, land, and cultural survival. Scholars, educators, and activists are now working to recognize these histories and support reconciliation.
In conclusion, the European conquest almost destroyed many native groups and left a complicated impact. To make progress, we need to learn about this history and help bring back indigenous voices, cultures, and fairness.
13. Монологическое высказывание и беседа на тему:
Technological progress: pros and cons. Name the invention which has shaped the life of humanity. Can you predict what other achievement in the sphere of technology might become a reality in 20 years?
Technological progress has dramatically changed the way we live, work, and communicate. On the positive side, it has brought incredible benefits such as improved healthcare, faster communication, and access to vast amounts of information.
Innovations like the internet, smartphones, and medical technologies have made life more convenient and connected.
However, technological progress also has its downsides. It can lead to job losses as machines replace human labor, increase our dependence on gadgets, and raise concerns about privacy and data security. Additionally, the rapid pace of change can create social divides between those who have access to technology and those who do not.
If I had to name one invention that has shaped the life of humanity, I would say it’s the internet. The internet has revolutionized communication, education, business, and entertainment, connecting billions of people worldwide and making information accessible instantly.
Already today, these types of artificial intelligence are being tested in many countries, and they continue to evolve every year. Looking 20 years into the future, I predict that artificial intelligence and robotics will become even more advanced and integrated into our daily lives. We might see fully autonomous vehicles, intelligent personal assistants, and advanced medical robots performing surgeries almost everywhere. Virtual reality and augmented reality could also transform education and entertainment, creating immersive experiences we can hardly imagine today.
In conclusion, technological progress brings both opportunities and challenges. It is important to use technology wisely and ensure that its benefits are shared by all.
14. Монологическое высказывание и беседа на тему: “The human body is the only machine for which there are no spare parts.” Hermann M.
Biggs (an American physician and pioneer in the field of public health who helped apply the science of bacteriology to the prevention and control of infectious diseases).
Herman M. Biggs, a leader in public health, once pointed out an important fact: unlike machines, the human body cannot be completely fixed or replaced. His words remind us how important health is and why stopping illness before it happens is better than just treating it.
We often compare the body to a machine—calling the heart a pump or the brain a processor. But the body isn’t like a machine with extra parts ready to change when something breaks. While medicine can replace some organs, it’s never as easy as swapping a piece. That’s why taking care of how we live, keeping clean, and getting help early is very important.
Biggs was one of the first to use the study of germs to improve public health. He worked on teaching people and stopping diseases like tuberculosis and diphtheria before they spread, instead of only treating them—a way that is still important today.
The words we use also affect how we think about health. Phrases like “burn out” or “recharge” show how we understand our body and mind limits. During the COVID19 pandemic, words like “flatten the curve” helped guide people’s actions. But it’s also important not to use words that blame sick people, because that can cause shame.
In conclusion, Biggs’s words are a powerful reminder: our bodies are not replaceable, and good health cannot be taken for granted. Both medicine and language should support a culture of prevention, respect, and responsibility.
15. Монологическое высказывание и беседа на тему: What are the most effective methods of learning a subject? Speak on the ways of taking
notes when listening to a lecture. What strategies do you employ to do a research? To make a report? What problems does an English learner face?
Learning a subject well requires a combination of good study habits, active participation, and the right methods. One of the most important ways is taking clear
and organized notes during lessons. There are several note-taking methods, such as the Cornell method, which divides the page into sections for notes, questions, and summaries; mind mapping, which helps show connections between ideas; and outlining, which arranges information in order. Choosing the right method depends on the subject and personal likes.
When it comes to research, a clear plan is very important. I usually start by making a clear research question, then collect information from trusted sources such as academic journals, books, and reliable websites. Checking sources carefully is important to avoid wrong information.
Taking detailed notes and organizing them by topics or arguments helps to make a clear flow. Digital tools like reference managers can also make this process easier.
Writing a report involves planning, writing a first version, and checking it again. First, I make an outline that includes an introduction, main part, and conclusion. Then I write a draft focusing on being clear and connected, using proof to support my points. Finally, I check and fix the report to correct grammar, style, and logical order. Managing time well during this process is key to making good work.
English learners face different difficulties. Besides grammar and vocabulary, understanding different accents and slang can be hard. Speaking smoothly needs confidence, which often comes from practice and hearing the language a lot. Listening can be hard because native speakers talk fast and use unknown expressions. Using multimedia like podcasts, movies, and language apps helps improve these skills. Joining language exchange groups or practicing with native speakers increases speaking ability and cultural knowledge.
In conclusion, effective learning combines good note-taking, careful research, and clear writing. Overcoming the challenges of learning English needs patience, regular practice, and using many resources to improve all language skills.
16. Монологическое высказывание и беседа на тему: Define the role of computers in language learning and linguistics. How has it changed in
the last 50 years? How can computers assist in communication?
Over the last 50 years, computers have changed both language learning and language study. What started with simple grammar exercises has grown into AI-powered, interactive systems that help both students and researchers.
In the 1970s and 80s, computers were mostly used for repeated grammar and
vocabulary practice. In language studies, they helped collect large collections of texts, allowing researchers to study how language is used, how often words appear, and how sentences are built. This led to better dictionaries and grammar books.
With the growth of the internet, Computer-Assisted Language Learning (CALL) became more active. Learners got access to sound, video, discussion boards, and later to smart platforms that change based on their needs. Today, apps like Duolingo or Memrise make learning personal, while tools like Grammarly and DeepL help improve writing and translation.
In language research, programs now analyze sounds, how conversations are built, and even detect feelings in text. Natural Language Processing (NLP) lets computers understand and create text like humans, which helps with translation, teaching languages, and research.
Computers also help people communicate across cultures. Machine translation, though not perfect, gives a basic understanding. Speech-to-text, text-to-speech, and instant messaging translations remove problems in education, travel, and business.
Still, there are problems. Machine translation can miss small details. Using technology too much might reduce real-life communication and cultural experience. And many tools focus mostly on popular languages.
In conclusion, computers have become very important in language learning and study. They make things faster, easier to access, and more personal, but they should be used carefully — as helpers, not as replacements for human contact, creativity, and cultural understanding.