5. Types of syntactic connection. Isolation. Accumulation.

Isolation

Isolation is a syntactic mechanism used to separate an element from the rest of the sentence to give it special emphasis or clarity. Isolated elements often stand out due to their placement and punctuation, such as commas, dashes, or parentheses.

Characteristics of Isolation:

• Emphasis:

Isolated elements are given prominence or special attention.

Example: "The solution, surprisingly, was simple."

• Clarification:

Isolation helps to clarify or add additional information without altering the main structure of the sentence.

Example: "My brother, who lives in New York, is visiting us."

• Parenthetical Information:

Parentheses or dashes are used to add supplementary information.

Example: "He finally answered (after several minutes) that he didn’t know the answer."

Functions of Isolation:

Isolation allows additional information to be inserted without disrupting the main clause.

Example: "Jane, the team leader, will present the report."

Accumulation

Accumulation involves grouping multiple elements together, often in a series or list, to provide comprehensive information or to add descriptive detail. This connection is useful for creating a rich, detailed description or presenting items in a structured manner.

Characteristics of Accumulation:

• Listing:

Elements are listed in a series to convey comprehensive information.

Example: "She bought apples, oranges, bananas, and grapes."

• Detailing:

Accumulation adds layers of detail to enhance the description.

Example: "The landscape was breathtaking: rolling hills, lush forests, and sparkling rivers."

• Parallel Structure:

Elements in accumulation often share a parallel grammatical structure.

Example: "He enjoys reading, writing, and painting."

Functions of Accumulation:

Providing Comprehensive Information:

Accumulation allows for the presentation of multiple pieces of information in a concise manner.

Example: "The committee reviewed the budget, discussed the timeline, and approved the plan."

6. Types of syntactic connection. Parenthesis.

Parenthesis involves inserting extra information, explanations, or comments within a sentence. This additional information is enclosed by punctuation marks that set it apart from the main sentence.

Types of Parenthetical Elements

• Using Parentheses (Round Brackets):

Parentheses enclose information that is supplementary and less integral to the main sentence. They often indicate that the information is an aside or an afterthought.

Examples:

"He finally replied (after several minutes) that he didn’t know the answer."

"The committee will meet next week (on Wednesday)."

• Using Commas:

Commas set off parenthetical elements that are closely related to the main clause but still provide additional information. They create a smoother, less interruptive pause than parentheses.

Examples:

"My brother, who lives in New York, is visiting us."

"The book, despite its length, was very engaging."

• Using Dashes:

Dashes set off parenthetical elements more emphatically than commas or parentheses. They often indicate a more abrupt or dramatic aside.

Examples:

"The project—although delayed—was a success."

"She won the award—much to her surprise."