Seminar 7

Theoretical questions to be discussed:

1. Types of syntactic connection. Coordination.

In syntax, the study of how words and phrases combine to form sentences, different types of syntactic connections describe how these elements are related. Two primary types of syntactic connections are coordination and subordination. Here, we will focus on coordination.

Types of Syntactic Connection

1. Coordination:

Coordination connects elements of equal syntactic status. These elements can be words, phrases, or clauses that are joined together to form larger structures without changing their individual grammatical roles.

The most common coordinators are and, or, but, nor, for, so, and yet.

- Examples:

- "She bought apples and oranges."

- "He was tired but happy."

- "I wanted to go for a walk, but it was raining."

2. Subordination:

Subordination connects elements of unequal syntactic status, where one element (the subordinate or dependent clause) depends on another (the main or independent clause).

Common subordinators include because, although, since, unless, if, when, while, where, after, before, even though.

- Examples:

- "She left early because she had a meeting."

- "Although it was raining, we decided to go for a hike."

Types of Coordination:

1. Syndetic Coordination: Coordination that uses explicit coordinators (conjunctions).

- Example: "We can go to the beach or the park."

2. Asyndetic Coordination: Coordination without explicit coordinators, often using punctuation (commas).

- Example: "She loves reading, writing, painting."

3. Polysyndetic Coordination: Coordination where multiple conjunctions are used, often for stylistic reasons.

- Example: "We have apples and oranges and bananas and grapes."

2. Types of syntactic connection. Subordination. (kinds of subordination)

Subordination connects a subordinate clause (dependent clause) to a main clause (independent clause), establishing a relationship where the subordinate clause provides additional information but cannot stand alone as a complete sentence.

Types of Subordinate Clauses

1. Adverbial Clauses:

Function: Act as adverbs, modifying verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs by providing information about time, place, reason, condition, manner, etc.

Subordinators: Common subordinating conjunctions include because, although, since, unless, if, when, while, where, after, before, etc.

Examples:

Time: "We will leave when the rain stops."

Reason: "She was late because she missed the bus."

Condition: "I will go if you come with me."

Concession: "Although it was raining, we went for a walk."

2. Relative (Adjective) Clauses:

Function: Act as adjectives, modifying nouns or pronouns by providing more information about them.

Relative Pronouns: Include who, whom, whose, which, that.

Examples:

"The book that I borrowed was excellent."

"She is the teacher who inspired me the most."

"This is the house where I grew up."

3. Noun Clauses:

Function: Act as nouns, serving as subjects, objects, or complements within the main clause.

Subordinators: Include that, if, whether, who, what, why, how, when, where, etc.

Examples:

Subject: "What you said made me think."

Object: "I know that she is coming."

Complement: "The problem is where we will stay."

Types of Subordination Based on Meaning

1. Temporal Subordination:

Definition: Relates to time.

Examples: "I will call you when I arrive."

2. Causal Subordination:

Definition: Indicates cause and effect.

Examples: "He stayed home because he was sick."

3. Conditional Subordination:

Definition: Specifies conditions.

Examples: "We can start the project if we get approval."

4. Purpose Subordination:

Definition: Shows purpose or intent.

Examples: "She worked hard so that she could save money."

5. Concessive Subordination:

Definition: Conveys concession or contrast.

Examples: "Although it was difficult, she succeeded."