- •The verb. General characteristics.
- •Major Verb Classes.
- •Aspective Character of Verbs.
- •Syntactic Classes of Verbs (transitive / intransitive verbs)
- •Grammatical categories of Verbs. (person, number, tense)
- •Grammatical Category of Aspect.
- •Grammatical Category of Phase.
- •Grammatical Category of Posteriority.
- •Grammatical Category of Mood.
- •Grammatical Category of Voice.
- •Exercises
- •Group out the following verbs according to their morphological structure:
- •Identify the type of the verbs according to their lexical meaning and syntactic function:
- •Group out the following verbs according to the criteria below. Write the past forms and the forms of past participles for the irregular verbs.
- •Define the underlined verbs as transitive or intransitive:
- •Read the text and define the underlined verbs within the terms of terminative / non-terminative, transitive / intransitive, regular / irregular.
- •Name all the grammatical categories of the verb:
- •List the grammatical morphemes which express the categories (see ex. 7)
- •Define the tense, aspect, phase, mood characteristics of the verbs after completing the news report with the correct forms.
- •Complete the sentences with the appropriate tense and aspect forms. Name the verbal categories and say what morphemes they are expressed by.
- •Compete the following sentences with even if, even though, if, unless and the correct form of the verb in brackets. Analyse the mood forms.
- •Read the text and analyse the forms of the verbs within the terms of tense, aspect, phase, posteriority, mood, voice, finiteness / non-finiteness etc:
Grammatical Category of Phase.
The grammatical category of phase, also known as the phase structure, refers to the completion or non-completion of an action or event. Phase is closely related to aspect, but it specifically focuses on whether an action or event is considered complete or incomplete at a certain point in time. In English, verbs can be categorized into two main phases:
1. Perfective Phase:
- Verbs in the perfective phase indicate that an action or event has been completed or finished.
- They emphasize the result or outcome of the action.
- Example: "She has finished her homework." (The action of finishing the homework is complete.)
2. Imperfective Phase:
- Verbs in the imperfective phase indicate that an action or event is ongoing, continuous, or incomplete.
- They emphasize the ongoing nature of the action.
- Example: "She is studying for her exam." (The action of studying is ongoing and has not been completed yet.)
Grammatical Category of Posteriority.
The grammatical category of posteriority refers to the time relationship between two events, indicating whether one event occurs before or after another. In English, this concept is often expressed through the use of verb forms and temporal adverbs. The main categories related to posteriority include:
1. Past Posteriority:
- Past posteriority indicates that one event occurred before another event in the past.
- It is commonly expressed using past tense verb forms for the event that occurred first, followed by past perfect tense verb forms for the event that occurred later.
- Example: "She had finished her homework before her friends arrived."
2. Present Posteriority:
- Present posteriority indicates that one event occurs after another event in the present.
- It can be expressed using present tense verb forms for the event that is happening first, followed by present perfect tense verb forms for the event that will happen later.
- Example: "I will call you after I have finished my meeting."
3. Future Posteriority:
- Future posteriority indicates that one event will occur after another event in the future.
- It can be expressed using future tense verb forms for the event that will happen first, followed by future perfect tense verb forms for the event that will happen later.
- Example: "By the time you arrive, I will have already left."
Grammatical Category of Mood.
The grammatical category of mood refers to the speaker's attitude towards the action or event expressed by the verb. In English, there are three main moods:
1. Indicative Mood:
- The indicative mood is used to make statements, ask questions, or express facts or opinions.
- It is the most common mood in English.
- Example: "She is reading a book." (Statement) "Are you coming to the party?" (Question)
2. Imperative Mood:
- The imperative mood is used to give commands, make requests, or offer advice.
- It typically lacks a subject and is directly addressed to the listener.
- Example: "Please pass the salt." "Don't forget to call me."
3. Subjunctive Mood:
- The subjunctive mood is used to express hypothetical situations, wishes, suggestions, or recommendations.
- It often appears in subordinate clauses introduced by "if," "whether," "that," or certain verbs (e.g., "suggest," "demand," "require").
- Example: "If I were you, I would go." "She suggested that he be present at the meeting."