Seminar 2

Theoretical questions to be discussed

1. Speak on different approaches to the classification of parts of speech (POS).

2. Define notional and structural parts of speech. What are the criteria for their classification?

3. Speak on inserts.

Exercises

1. Define all parts of speech in the following sentences:

1. As Langdon sat on his brass Maharishi’s chest and savored the warmth of the chocolate, the window caught his reflection.

As: conjunction

Langdon: noun (proper)

sat: verb

on: preposition

his: pronoun (possessive)

brass: adjective

Maharishi’s: noun (proper, possessive)

chest: noun

and: conjunction

savored: verb

the: article

warmth: noun

of: preposition

the: article

chocolate: noun

the: article

window: noun

caught: verb

his: pronoun (possessive)

reflection: noun

2. Peering through binoculars over the security fence at the concrete blocks of Gaza, the only sign of life was grazing sheep.

Peering: verb (gerund)

through: preposition

binoculars: noun

over: preposition

the: article

security: noun (adjective)

fence: noun

at: preposition

the: article

concrete: adjective

blocks: noun

of: preposition

Gaza: noun (proper)

the: article

only: adjective

sign: noun

of: preposition

life: noun

was: verb

grazing: verb (gerund)

sheep: noun

3. The Rubberneck Auto was about ready to start.

The: article

Rubberneck: noun (proper)

Auto: noun (proper)

was: verb

about: adverb

ready: adjective

to: preposition

start: verb

4. Next you ascended one flight of stairs and looked at the second floor back.

Next: adjective

you: pronoun

ascended: verb

one: adjective

flight: noun

of: preposition

stairs: noun

and: conjunction

looked: verb

at: preposition

the: article

second: adjective

floor: noun

back: noun

5. Mrs. Parker gave her the incredulous, pitying, sneering, icy stare that she kept for those who failed to qualify as doctors or dentists, and led the way to the second floor back.

Mrs.: noun (proper)

Parker: noun (proper)

gave: verb

her: pronoun

the: article

incredulous: adjective

pitying: adjective

sneering: adjective

icy: adjective

stare: noun

that: pronoun (relative)

she: pronoun

kept: verb

for: preposition

those: pronoun

who: pronoun (relative)

failed: verb

to: preposition

qualify: verb

as: conjunction

doctors: noun

or: conjunction

dentists: noun

and: conjunction

led: verb

the: article

way: noun

to: preposition

the: article

second: adjective

floor: noun

back: noun

2. Identify the following words as parts of speech and define their morphological structure.

Darkness (noun; adj+ suffix -ness), across (preposition/adv; simple word) , ask (verb; simple word), beautiful (adj; noun (beauty)+ suffix -ful) , feedback (noun; verb (feed)+ noun (back), classify (verb; noun (class)+ suffix -ify), high (adj/adv; simple word), fifteen (numeral; numeral (five)+ suffix -teen), action (noun; noun (act)+ siffix -ion), with (preposition; simple word), pen (noun; simple word), famous (adj; noun (fame)+ suffix -ous), within (preposition/adv; simple word), cookbook (noun; verb (cook)+ noun (book), nevertheless (adv; adv (never)+ suffix -less), highly-educated (adj; adj (high)+ suffix -ly; verb (educate)+ suffix -ed), inside (adv; prefix -in+ noun (side), lamp (noun; simple word), two hundred and fifty six (compound numeral); , downstairs (adv; adv (down)+ noun (stairs), now (adv; simple word), whitewash (noun; adj (white)+ verb (wash), homewards (adv; noun (home)+ suffix ward (-s), unpack (verb; prefix -un+ verb (pack), somewhere (adv; adj (some)+ adv (where), at last (adverbial phrase), soon (adv; simple word), dislike (noun; prefix -dis+ verb (like), ourselves (pronoun) , we (personal pronoun), first (ordinal numeral), himself (pronoun; pronoun (his)+ pronoun (self), sixty-one (cardinal numeral), in (preposition; simple word), but (conj; simple word), on condition that (conjunctional phrase).

3. Read through the article carefully, and decide what part of speech you will need in each gap. Then fit the correct form of the word

There are conflicts everywhere: in families, between neighbors (neighborhood) between the boys and the girls in your class. What are the reasons (reasonable) for these conflicts? Perhaps the neighbors get angry(anger) because your football lands in their garden, or because your music is too loud (loudly). Maybe adults say nasty things about your hairstyle or the way you dress. Perhaps your mother has a serious argument (argue) with you about your boyfriend. Perhaps, your brother and his best friend become bitter rivals (rivalry) because they are in love with the same girl. Or a friend in your class cannot decide (decisive) which classmate he should invite (invitation) to his birthday party.

And if you open a newspaper every day you will find reports about individuals (individual) that do not get along with each other at all. (Liar) Lies , (tolerance) intolerance and discrimination often cause serious problems which can lead to violence (violent) and even war. Northern (North) Ireland is a sad example.

4. Use the following verbs to build abstract noun, concrete noun, adjective, adverb

Admire, compete, correct, enthuse, exhaust, expend, organize, guide, invite, produce, qualify, repeat.

abstract noun	concrete noun	adjective	adverb
Admiration	Admirer	Admirable	Admirably
Competition	Competitor	Competitive	Competitively
Correction	Corrector	Correct	Correctly
Enthusiasm	Enthusiast	Enthusiastic	Enthusiastically
Exhaustion	Exhaust	Exhausted	Exhaustedly
Expenditure	Expenditure	Expended	Expenditure
Organization	Organizer	Organized	Organizedly
Guidance	Guide	Guiding	Guidingly
Invitation	Inviter	Inviting	Invitingly
Production	Producer	Productive	Productively
Qualification	Qualifier	Qualified	Qualifiedly
Repetition	Repeater	Repeated	Repeatedly

5. Read through the article carefully, and decide what part of speech you will need in each gap. Then fit the correct form of the word in capital letters in each of the gaps.

Surrounding

Countryside

Situated

Bustling

Illegally

Carefully

Stylish

Unforgettable

Neighboring

6. Fill in the gaps with the right words from the box. Identify all parts of speech in the given sentences.

1. First languages are acquired through exposure to the language that children hear around them.

Parts of speech: Exposure (noun)

2. In most cases first language acquisition is a subconscious process that we are unaware of.

Parts of speech: Subconscious (adjective)

3. Learner differences mean second language acquisition is not a uniform course of development.

Parts of speech: Uniform (adjective)

4. Differences between the first language and the second language might cause interference.

Parts of speech: Interference (noun)

5. Language transfer can result when there are many similarities between the first and second language.

Parts of speech: Transfer (noun)

6. Chomsky believes that humans have an innate universal grammar.

Parts of speech: Universal (adjective)

7. Negatives or interrogatives are two examples of a grammatical subsystem.

Parts of speech: Subsystem (noun)

6. Identify the type of insertion in the following sentences:

Oh dear! What's that?	Exclamatory interjection
Good morning, Gary Jones speaking, can I help you?	Greeting
Yeah, well it's just different.	Filler word
Hey look - that's the way to do it.	Exclamatory interjection
Pat, come over here in about twenty-five minutes, okay?	Confirmation-seeking tag
A: Actually, I'm going to need more milk then, if we're going to have chocolate cake. B: Yeah. Alright. Yeah, we got a lot of milk.	Filler words ("Yeah", "Alright")
Here's your pen, thanks.	Expressing gratitude
A: Can I have a bit please? B: Ask nicely. A: Please can I have a bit of Kit Kat?	Instruction
A: I said - said no eating! B: Sorry miss. I'll spit it out straight away.	politeness marker ("Please"), correction ("I said - said"), apology ("Sorry miss")
Oh Jesus, I didn't know it was that cold.	Exclamatory interjection ("Oh Jesus")