Composite sentence теория грамматика

Composite sentence

Clause состоит из подлежащего и сказуемого

1. Compound (сложносочиненное)

Equal clauses

Type of connection:

1. Syndetically (with conjunctions)

2. Asyndetically (without conjunctions)

Types of coordination:

1. Copulative coordination: and, nor, neither…nor, not only…but also

2. Disjunctive coordination: or, else, or else, either…or, otherwise

3. Adversative coordination: but, while, whereas, still, yet

4. Causative-consequative: for, so, therefore, accordinately, hence, cosequently

2. Complex (сложноподчиненное)

Principle clause and subordinate clause

Principle clause: subject, predicate, object

Subordinate clause: attribute, adverbal modifier

Complex sentence is the sentence which consists of a principle clause and 1 or more subordinate clauses. The connection between clauses is called subordination. Clauses can be connected syndactically (I wish, that you were not here) or asyndactically (I wish you were not here).

Connectors:

1. Conjunctions (they are ot parts of the sentence): that, wheter, if, as if, when, after, because, then

2. Connectives (they are parts of the sentence)

Conjunctive pronouns – what, which, who, whose, whom, whoever, whatever (I know, who will fail the exam)

Conjunctive adverbs – where, when, how, why, wherever, whenever, whoever (this is where he lives)

Relative pronouns – that, which, who, whose, whom, as (this is the student, who failed the exam)

Relative adverbs – where, when (it’s the place where he lives)

Subordinate clauses perform the same function as single words: subject, predicate, object, attribute, adverbal modifier

3 groups of clauses:

1. Nominal clauses (subject, object, predicative)

2. Attributive clauses

3. Adverbal clauses

Nominal clauses:

1. Subject clause may be introduced by conjunctions that, if, whether, because, the way, conjunctive pronouns – who, whoever, what, whatever, which, conjunctive adverbs – when, whenever, where, wherever, by (What I need is a piece of good advice; because I ask too many questions does not mean I’m curious). Subject clauses are not separated by comma (it’s a pity you were upset)

2. Object clauses may be introduced by conjunctions – that, if, wheter, conjunctive pronouns – who, whoever, what, whatever, which, conjunctive adverbs – where, when, whenever, why, how (I wonder what you are doing here; they were delighted with what they saw; I knew you would come). Object clauses are not separated by comma

3. Predicative clause performs the function of a predicative (nominal part of a compound nominal predicate) always follows link verbs – to be, to feel, to seem, to appear, to remain, to become, to sound. A pedicative clause may be introduced by conjunctions – that, if, whether, as, as if, as though, because, the way, conjunctive pronouns – who, whoever, what, whatever, which, conjunctive adverbs – when, where, whenever, why, how (the fact is that I have forgotten everything, you look as if you are happy, the problem is you don’t attend the classes). The predicative clause may follow the may clause in which the subject is expressed by impersonal “it” (it appears as if the spring began as an act of parlament). Predicative clauses are not separated by comma

Subordinate clause:

Attributive clauses serve as an attrbute to some noun or pronoun in the principal clause. This n. or. Pr.i called anteceden.

1. Relative clause – it qualifies the antecedent (this is the house I live)

2. Positive clause (she had a warm desire that the conversation might continue) (that, if, as though, whether, how, why)

Adverbal clause is the clause which is usually classified according to their meaning that is according to the relation they bear to the main clause