Assimilation. Accommodation. Elision. Reduction

Assimilation. Accommodation. Reduction. Elision.

Слайд 1.

Two adjacent consonants within a word or at word boundaries often influence each other in such a way that the articulation of one sound becomes similar to or even identical with the articulation of the other one. This phenomenon is called assimilation.

Слайд 2.

In assimilation the consonant whose articulation is modified under the influence of a neighbouring consonant is called the assimilated sound;

The consonant which influences the articulation of a neighbouring consonant is called the assimilating sound.

Слайд 3.

Assimilation may affect all the features of the articulation of a consonant or only some of them. Thus we speak of:

1. assimilation affecting (a) the point of articulation, (b) both the point of articulation and the active organ of speech;

2. assimilation affecting the manner of the production of noise;

3. assimilation affecting the work of the vocal cords;

4. assimilation affecting the lip position;

5. assimilation affecting the position of the soft palate.

Слайд 4.

Degrees of assimilation:

1. Complete

When the articulation of an assimilated consonant fully coincides with that of an assimilating one.

E.g. horse-shoe [ˈhɔːʃʃuː] , which is a compound of the words horse [hɔːs] and shoe [ʃuː]

2. Partial

When the assimilated consonant retains its main phonetic features and becomes only partly similar in some features of its articulation to an assimilating sound.

3. Intermediate

When an assimilated consonant changes into a different sound, but doesn’t coincide with the assimilating consonant.

E.g. gooseberry ['guzbər1], where [s] in goose [gu:s] is replaced by [z] under the influence of [b] in berry; congress ['kongres], where [n] is replaced by [y] under the influence of [g].

Слайд 5.

Types of assimilation

1. Progressive

the assimilated consonant is influenced by the preceding consonant.

The /s/ sound is influenced by the previous sound and changes to a /z/ sound, e.g. /bægs/ (bags) → /bægz/ (bagz)

2. Regressive

The preceding consonant is influenced by the one following consonant.

The /n/ sound is influenced by the following sound and changes to an /m/ sound, e.g. /ɪnfəmeɪʃən/ (information) → /ɪmfəmeɪʃən/ (imformation).

3. Double

Two adjacent consonants influence each other.

Слайд 6.

Примеры на картинке

Слайд 7.

Historical assimilation – If the present-day pronunciation of a word is the result of an assimilation, which took place at an earlier stage in the history of the language.

Contextual assimilation – In contextual assimilation a word comes to have a pronunciation different from that which it has when said it itself.

Слайд 8.

While by assimilation we mean a modification in the articulation of a consonant under the influence of a neighbouring consonant, the modification in the articulation of a vowel under the influence of an adjacent consonant, or, vice versa, the modification in the articulation of a consonant under the influence of an adjacent vowel is called adaptation, or accommodation.

Слайд 9.

Types of accommodation:

1. An unrounded variant of a consonant phoneme is replaced by its rounded variant under the influence of a following rounded vowel phoneme.

2. A fully back variant of a back vowel phoneme is replaced by its slightly advanced (fronted) variant under the influence of the preceding mediolingual phoneme [j].

3. A vowel phoneme is represented by its slightly more open variant before the dark [1] under the influence of the latter's back secondary focus. Thus the vowel sound in bell, tell is slightly more open than the vowel.

Слайд 10.

Elision

In rapid colloquial speech certain notional words may lose some of their sounds. This phenomenon is called elision. Elision can be historical and contemporary.

The English language is full of “silent” letters; which bear weakness to historical elision: e. g., walk, knee, knight, castle. In rapid colloquial speech certain notional words may lose some of their sounds: e. g., phonetics.

Слайд 11.

Reduction - Its phonetic phenomenon involving vowels in which they change their quality or even fall out when unstressed

Слайд 12.

Types of reduction:

QUANTITATIVE

the reduction of the length of a vowel is observed without changing its quality

QUALITATIVE the quality of a vowel is changed.

ZERO

the omission of a vowel or a consonant.