- •Acknowledgments
- •About the Authors
- •About the Technical Editors
- •Contents at a Glance
- •Contents
- •Foreword
- •Introduction
- •Overview of the CISSP Exam
- •The Elements of This Study Guide
- •Study Guide Exam Objectives
- •Objective Map
- •Reader Support for This Book
- •Security 101
- •Confidentiality
- •Integrity
- •Availability
- •Protection Mechanisms
- •Security Boundaries
- •Third-Party Governance
- •Documentation Review
- •Manage the Security Function
- •Alignment of Security Function to Business Strategy, Goals, Mission, and Objectives
- •Organizational Processes
- •Organizational Roles and Responsibilities
- •Security Control Frameworks
- •Due Diligence and Due Care
- •Security Policy, Standards, Procedures, and Guidelines
- •Security Policies
- •Security Standards, Baselines, and Guidelines
- •Security Procedures
- •Threat Modeling
- •Identifying Threats
- •Determining and Diagramming Potential Attacks
- •Performing Reduction Analysis
- •Prioritization and Response
- •Supply Chain Risk Management
- •Summary
- •Exam Essentials
- •Written Lab
- •Review Questions
- •Job Descriptions and Responsibilities
- •Candidate Screening and Hiring
- •Onboarding: Employment Agreements and Policies
- •Employee Oversight
- •Compliance Policy Requirements
- •Privacy Policy Requirements
- •Understand and Apply Risk Management Concepts
- •Risk Terminology and Concepts
- •Asset Valuation
- •Identify Threats and Vulnerabilities
- •Risk Assessment/Analysis
- •Risk Responses
- •Cost vs. Benefit of Security Controls
- •Countermeasure Selection and Implementation
- •Applicable Types of Controls
- •Security Control Assessment
- •Monitoring and Measurement
- •Risk Reporting and Documentation
- •Continuous Improvement
- •Risk Frameworks
- •Social Engineering
- •Social Engineering Principles
- •Eliciting Information
- •Prepending
- •Phishing
- •Spear Phishing
- •Whaling
- •Smishing
- •Vishing
- •Spam
- •Shoulder Surfing
- •Invoice Scams
- •Hoax
- •Impersonation and Masquerading
- •Tailgating and Piggybacking
- •Dumpster Diving
- •Identity Fraud
- •Typo Squatting
- •Influence Campaigns
- •Awareness
- •Training
- •Education
- •Improvements
- •Effectiveness Evaluation
- •Summary
- •Exam Essentials
- •Written Lab
- •Review Questions
- •Planning for Business Continuity
- •Project Scope and Planning
- •Organizational Review
- •BCP Team Selection
- •Resource Requirements
- •Legal and Regulatory Requirements
- •Business Impact Analysis
- •Identifying Priorities
- •Risk Identification
- •Likelihood Assessment
- •Impact Analysis
- •Resource Prioritization
- •Continuity Planning
- •Strategy Development
- •Provisions and Processes
- •Plan Approval and Implementation
- •Plan Approval
- •Plan Implementation
- •Training and Education
- •BCP Documentation
- •Summary
- •Exam Essentials
- •Written Lab
- •Review Questions
- •Categories of Laws
- •Criminal Law
- •Civil Law
- •Administrative Law
- •Laws
- •Computer Crime
- •Intellectual Property (IP)
- •Licensing
- •Import/Export
- •Privacy
- •State Privacy Laws
- •Compliance
- •Contracting and Procurement
- •Summary
- •Exam Essentials
- •Written Lab
- •Review Questions
- •Defining Sensitive Data
- •Defining Data Classifications
- •Defining Asset Classifications
- •Understanding Data States
- •Determining Compliance Requirements
- •Determining Data Security Controls
- •Data Maintenance
- •Data Loss Prevention
- •Marking Sensitive Data and Assets
- •Handling Sensitive Information and Assets
- •Data Collection Limitation
- •Data Location
- •Storing Sensitive Data
- •Data Destruction
- •Ensuring Appropriate Data and Asset Retention
- •Data Protection Methods
- •Digital Rights Management
- •Cloud Access Security Broker
- •Pseudonymization
- •Tokenization
- •Anonymization
- •Understanding Data Roles
- •Data Owners
- •Asset Owners
- •Business/Mission Owners
- •Data Processors and Data Controllers
- •Data Custodians
- •Administrators
- •Users and Subjects
- •Using Security Baselines
- •Comparing Tailoring and Scoping
- •Standards Selection
- •Summary
- •Exam Essentials
- •Written Lab
- •Review Questions
- •Cryptographic Foundations
- •Goals of Cryptography
- •Cryptography Concepts
- •Cryptographic Mathematics
- •Ciphers
- •Modern Cryptography
- •Cryptographic Keys
- •Symmetric Key Algorithms
- •Asymmetric Key Algorithms
- •Hashing Algorithms
- •Symmetric Cryptography
- •Cryptographic Modes of Operation
- •Data Encryption Standard
- •Triple DES
- •International Data Encryption Algorithm
- •Blowfish
- •Skipjack
- •Rivest Ciphers
- •Advanced Encryption Standard
- •CAST
- •Comparison of Symmetric Encryption Algorithms
- •Symmetric Key Management
- •Cryptographic Lifecycle
- •Summary
- •Exam Essentials
- •Written Lab
- •Review Questions
- •Asymmetric Cryptography
- •Public and Private Keys
- •ElGamal
- •Elliptic Curve
- •Diffie–Hellman Key Exchange
- •Quantum Cryptography
- •Hash Functions
- •RIPEMD
- •Comparison of Hash Algorithm Value Lengths
- •Digital Signatures
- •HMAC
- •Digital Signature Standard
- •Public Key Infrastructure
- •Certificates
- •Certificate Authorities
- •Certificate Lifecycle
- •Certificate Formats
- •Asymmetric Key Management
- •Hybrid Cryptography
- •Applied Cryptography
- •Portable Devices
- •Web Applications
- •Steganography and Watermarking
- •Networking
- •Emerging Applications
- •Cryptographic Attacks
- •Salting Saves Passwords
- •Ultra vs. Enigma
- •Summary
- •Exam Essentials
- •Written Lab
- •Review Questions
- •Secure Design Principles
- •Objects and Subjects
- •Closed and Open Systems
- •Secure Defaults
- •Fail Securely
- •Keep It Simple
- •Zero Trust
- •Privacy by Design
- •Trust but Verify
- •Techniques for Ensuring CIA
- •Confinement
- •Bounds
- •Isolation
- •Access Controls
- •Trust and Assurance
- •Trusted Computing Base
- •State Machine Model
- •Information Flow Model
- •Noninterference Model
- •Take-Grant Model
- •Access Control Matrix
- •Bell–LaPadula Model
- •Biba Model
- •Clark–Wilson Model
- •Brewer and Nash Model
- •Goguen–Meseguer Model
- •Sutherland Model
- •Graham–Denning Model
- •Harrison–Ruzzo–Ullman Model
- •Select Controls Based on Systems Security Requirements
- •Common Criteria
- •Authorization to Operate
- •Understand Security Capabilities of Information Systems
- •Memory Protection
- •Virtualization
- •Trusted Platform Module
- •Interfaces
- •Fault Tolerance
- •Encryption/Decryption
- •Summary
- •Exam Essentials
- •Written Lab
- •Review Questions
- •Shared Responsibility
- •Hardware
- •Firmware
- •Client-Based Systems
- •Mobile Code
- •Local Caches
- •Server-Based Systems
- •Large-Scale Parallel Data Systems
- •Grid Computing
- •Peer to Peer
- •Industrial Control Systems
- •Distributed Systems
- •Internet of Things
- •Edge and Fog Computing
- •Static Systems
- •Network-Enabled Devices
- •Cyber-Physical Systems
- •Elements Related to Embedded and Static Systems
- •Security Concerns of Embedded and Static Systems
- •Specialized Devices
- •Microservices
- •Infrastructure as Code
- •Virtualized Systems
- •Virtual Software
- •Virtualized Networking
- •Software-Defined Everything
- •Virtualization Security Management
- •Containerization
- •Serverless Architecture
- •Mobile Devices
- •Mobile Device Security Features
- •Mobile Device Deployment Policies
- •Process Isolation
- •Hardware Segmentation
- •System Security Policy
- •Covert Channels
- •Attacks Based on Design or Coding Flaws
- •Rootkits
- •Incremental Attacks
- •Summary
- •Exam Essentials
- •Written Lab
- •Review Questions
- •Apply Security Principles to Site and Facility Design
- •Secure Facility Plan
- •Site Selection
- •Facility Design
- •Equipment Failure
- •Wiring Closets
- •Server Rooms/Data Centers
- •Intrusion Detection Systems
- •Cameras
- •Access Abuses
- •Media Storage Facilities
- •Evidence Storage
- •Restricted and Work Area Security
- •Utility Considerations
- •Fire Prevention, Detection, and Suppression
- •Perimeter Security Controls
- •Internal Security Controls
- •Key Performance Indicators of Physical Security
- •Summary
- •Exam Essentials
- •Written Lab
- •Review Questions
- •OSI Model
- •History of the OSI Model
- •OSI Functionality
- •Encapsulation/Deencapsulation
- •OSI Layers
- •TCP/IP Model
- •Common Application Layer Protocols
- •SNMPv3
- •Transport Layer Protocols
- •Domain Name System
- •DNS Poisoning
- •Domain Hijacking
- •Internet Protocol (IP) Networking
- •IP Classes
- •ICMP
- •IGMP
- •ARP Concerns
- •Secure Communication Protocols
- •Implications of Multilayer Protocols
- •Converged Protocols
- •Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP)
- •Software-Defined Networking
- •Microsegmentation
- •Wireless Networks
- •Securing the SSID
- •Wireless Channels
- •Conducting a Site Survey
- •Wireless Security
- •Wi-Fi Protected Setup (WPS)
- •Wireless MAC Filter
- •Wireless Antenna Management
- •Using Captive Portals
- •General Wi-Fi Security Procedure
- •Wireless Communications
- •Wireless Attacks
- •Other Communication Protocols
- •Cellular Networks
- •Content Distribution Networks (CDNs)
- •Secure Network Components
- •Secure Operation of Hardware
- •Common Network Equipment
- •Network Access Control
- •Firewalls
- •Endpoint Security
- •Transmission Media
- •Network Topologies
- •Ethernet
- •Sub-Technologies
- •Summary
- •Exam Essentials
- •Written Lab
- •Review Questions
- •Protocol Security Mechanisms
- •Authentication Protocols
- •Port Security
- •Quality of Service (QoS)
- •Secure Voice Communications
- •Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP)
- •Vishing and Phreaking
- •PBX Fraud and Abuse
- •Remote Access Security Management
- •Remote Connection Security
- •Plan a Remote Access Security Policy
- •Multimedia Collaboration
- •Remote Meeting
- •Instant Messaging and Chat
- •Load Balancing
- •Virtual IPs and Load Persistence
- •Active-Active vs. Active-Passive
- •Manage Email Security
- •Email Security Goals
- •Understand Email Security Issues
- •Email Security Solutions
- •Virtual Private Network
- •Tunneling
- •How VPNs Work
- •Always-On
- •Common VPN Protocols
- •Switching and Virtual LANs
- •Switch Eavesdropping
- •Private IP Addresses
- •Stateful NAT
- •Automatic Private IP Addressing
- •Third-Party Connectivity
- •Circuit Switching
- •Packet Switching
- •Virtual Circuits
- •Fiber-Optic Links
- •Security Control Characteristics
- •Transparency
- •Transmission Management Mechanisms
- •Prevent or Mitigate Network Attacks
- •Eavesdropping
- •Modification Attacks
- •Summary
- •Exam Essentials
- •Written Lab
- •Review Questions
- •Controlling Access to Assets
- •Controlling Physical and Logical Access
- •The CIA Triad and Access Controls
- •Managing Identification and Authentication
- •Comparing Subjects and Objects
- •Registration, Proofing, and Establishment of Identity
- •Authorization and Accountability
- •Authentication Factors Overview
- •Something You Know
- •Something You Have
- •Something You Are
- •Multifactor Authentication (MFA)
- •Two-Factor Authentication with Authenticator Apps
- •Passwordless Authentication
- •Device Authentication
- •Service Authentication
- •Mutual Authentication
- •Implementing Identity Management
- •Single Sign-On
- •SSO and Federated Identities
- •Credential Management Systems
- •Credential Manager Apps
- •Scripted Access
- •Session Management
- •Provisioning and Onboarding
- •Deprovisioning and Offboarding
- •Defining New Roles
- •Account Maintenance
- •Account Access Review
- •Summary
- •Exam Essentials
- •Written Lab
- •Review Questions
- •Comparing Access Control Models
- •Comparing Permissions, Rights, and Privileges
- •Understanding Authorization Mechanisms
- •Defining Requirements with a Security Policy
- •Introducing Access Control Models
- •Discretionary Access Control
- •Nondiscretionary Access Control
- •Implementing Authentication Systems
- •Implementing SSO on the Internet
- •Implementing SSO on Internal Networks
- •Understanding Access Control Attacks
- •Crackers, Hackers, and Attackers
- •Risk Elements
- •Common Access Control Attacks
- •Core Protection Methods
- •Summary
- •Exam Essentials
- •Written Lab
- •Review Questions
- •Security Testing
- •Security Assessments
- •Security Audits
- •Performing Vulnerability Assessments
- •Describing Vulnerabilities
- •Vulnerability Scans
- •Penetration Testing
- •Compliance Checks
- •Code Review and Testing
- •Interface Testing
- •Misuse Case Testing
- •Test Coverage Analysis
- •Website Monitoring
- •Implementing Security Management Processes
- •Log Reviews
- •Account Management
- •Disaster Recovery and Business Continuity
- •Training and Awareness
- •Key Performance and Risk Indicators
- •Summary
- •Exam Essentials
- •Written Lab
- •Review Questions
- •Need to Know and Least Privilege
- •Separation of Duties (SoD) and Responsibilities
- •Two-Person Control
- •Job Rotation
- •Mandatory Vacations
- •Privileged Account Management
- •Service Level Agreements (SLAs)
- •Addressing Personnel Safety and Security
- •Duress
- •Travel
- •Emergency Management
- •Security Training and Awareness
- •Provision Resources Securely
- •Information and Asset Ownership
- •Asset Management
- •Apply Resource Protection
- •Media Management
- •Media Protection Techniques
- •Managed Services in the Cloud
- •Shared Responsibility with Cloud Service Models
- •Scalability and Elasticity
- •Provisioning
- •Baselining
- •Using Images for Baselining
- •Automation
- •Managing Change
- •Change Management
- •Versioning
- •Configuration Documentation
- •Managing Patches and Reducing Vulnerabilities
- •Systems to Manage
- •Patch Management
- •Vulnerability Management
- •Vulnerability Scans
- •Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures
- •Summary
- •Exam Essentials
- •Written Lab
- •Review Questions
- •Conducting Incident Management
- •Defining an Incident
- •Incident Management Steps
- •Basic Preventive Measures
- •Understanding Attacks
- •Intrusion Detection and Prevention Systems
- •Specific Preventive Measures
- •Logging and Monitoring
- •The Role of Monitoring
- •Log Management
- •Egress Monitoring
- •Automating Incident Response
- •Understanding SOAR
- •Threat Intelligence
- •Summary
- •Exam Essentials
- •Written Lab
- •Review Questions
- •The Nature of Disaster
- •Natural Disasters
- •Human-Made Disasters
- •Protecting Hard Drives
- •Protecting Servers
- •Protecting Power Sources
- •Trusted Recovery
- •Quality of Service
- •Recovery Strategy
- •Business Unit and Functional Priorities
- •Crisis Management
- •Emergency Communications
- •Workgroup Recovery
- •Alternate Processing Sites
- •Database Recovery
- •Recovery Plan Development
- •Emergency Response
- •Personnel and Communications
- •Assessment
- •Backups and Off-site Storage
- •Software Escrow Arrangements
- •Utilities
- •Logistics and Supplies
- •Recovery vs. Restoration
- •Testing and Maintenance
- •Structured Walk-Through
- •Simulation Test
- •Parallel Test
- •Lessons Learned
- •Maintenance
- •Summary
- •Exam Essentials
- •Written Lab
- •Review Questions
- •Investigations
- •Investigation Types
- •Evidence
- •Investigation Process
- •Major Categories of Computer Crime
- •Military and Intelligence Attacks
- •Business Attacks
- •Financial Attacks
- •Terrorist Attacks
- •Grudge Attacks
- •Thrill Attacks
- •Hacktivists
- •Ethics
- •Organizational Code of Ethics
- •(ISC)2 Code of Ethics
- •Ethics and the Internet
- •Summary
- •Exam Essentials
- •Written Lab
- •Review Questions
- •Software Development
- •Systems Development Lifecycle
- •Lifecycle Models
- •Gantt Charts and PERT
- •Change and Configuration Management
- •The DevOps Approach
- •Application Programming Interfaces
- •Software Testing
- •Code Repositories
- •Service-Level Agreements
- •Third-Party Software Acquisition
- •Establishing Databases and Data Warehousing
- •Database Management System Architecture
- •Database Transactions
- •Security for Multilevel Databases
- •Open Database Connectivity
- •NoSQL
- •Expert Systems
- •Machine Learning
- •Neural Networks
- •Summary
- •Exam Essentials
- •Written Lab
- •Review Questions
- •Malware
- •Sources of Malicious Code
- •Viruses
- •Logic Bombs
- •Trojan Horses
- •Worms
- •Spyware and Adware
- •Ransomware
- •Malicious Scripts
- •Zero-Day Attacks
- •Malware Prevention
- •Platforms Vulnerable to Malware
- •Antimalware Software
- •Integrity Monitoring
- •Advanced Threat Protection
- •Application Attacks
- •Buffer Overflows
- •Time of Check to Time of Use
- •Backdoors
- •Privilege Escalation and Rootkits
- •Injection Vulnerabilities
- •SQL Injection Attacks
- •Code Injection Attacks
- •Command Injection Attacks
- •Exploiting Authorization Vulnerabilities
- •Insecure Direct Object References
- •Directory Traversal
- •File Inclusion
- •Request Forgery
- •Session Hijacking
- •Application Security Controls
- •Input Validation
- •Web Application Firewalls
- •Database Security
- •Code Security
- •Secure Coding Practices
- •Source Code Comments
- •Error Handling
- •Hard-Coded Credentials
- •Memory Management
- •Summary
- •Exam Essentials
- •Written Lab
- •Review Questions
- •Chapter 2: Personnel Security and Risk Management Concepts
- •Chapter 3: Business Continuity Planning
- •Chapter 4: Laws, Regulations, and Compliance
- •Chapter 5: Protecting Security of Assets
- •Chapter 10: Physical Security Requirements
- •Chapter 11: Secure Network Architecture and Components
- •Chapter 12: Secure Communications and Network Attacks
- •Chapter 17: Preventing and Responding to Incidents
- •Chapter 18: Disaster Recovery Planning
- •Chapter 19: Investigations and Ethics
- •Chapter 20: Software Development Security
- •Chapter 21: Malicious Code and Application Attacks
- •Chapter 3: Business Continuity Planning
- •Chapter 5: Protecting Security of Assets
- •Chapter 6: Cryptography and Symmetric Key Algorithms
- •Chapter 12: Secure Communications and Network Attacks
- •Chapter 15: Security Assessment and Testing
- •Chapter 17: Preventing and Responding to Incidents
- •Chapter 18: Disaster Recovery Planning
- •Chapter 19: Investigations and Ethics
- •Chapter 21: Malicious Code and Application Attacks
- •Index
718 Chapter 14 ■ Controlling and Monitoring Access
Review Questions
1.Which of the following best describes an implicit deny principle?
A.All actions that are not expressly denied are allowed.
B.All actions that are not expressly allowed are denied.
C.All actions must be expressly denied.
D.None of the above.
2.A table includes multiple objects and subjects, and it identifies the specific access each subject has to different objects. What is this table?
A.Access control list
B.Access control matrix
C.Federation
D.Creeping privilege
3.You are reviewing access control models and want to implement a model that allows the owner of an object to grant privileges to other users. Which of the following meets this requirement?
A.Mandatory Access Control (MAC) model
B.Discretionary Access Control (DAC) model
C.Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) model
D.Rule-based access control model
4.Which of the following access control models allows the owner of data to modify permissions?
A.Discretionary Access Control (DAC)
B.Mandatory Access Control (MAC)
C.Rule-based access control
D.Risk-based access control
5.A central authority determines which files a user can access based on the organization’s hierarchy. Which of the following best describes this?
A.DAC model
B.An access control list (ACL)
C.Rule-based access control model
D.RBAC model
6.Which of the following statements is true related to the RBAC model?
A.A RBAC model allows users membership in multiple groups.
B.A RBAC model allows users membership in a single group.
Review Questions |
719 |
C.A RBAC model is nonhierarchical.
D.A RBAC model uses labels.
7.You are reviewing different access control models. Which of the following best describes a rule-based access control model?
A.It uses local rules applied to users individually.
B.It uses global rules applied to users individually.
C.It uses local rules applied to all users equally.
D.It uses global rules applied to all users equally.
8.Your organization is considering deploying a software-defined network (SDN) in the data center. Which of the following access control models is commonly used in a SDN?
A.Mandatory Access Control (MAC) model
B.Attribute-Based Access Control (ABAC) model
C.Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) model
D.Discretionary Access Control (DAC) model
9.The MAC model supports different environment types. Which of the following grants users access using predefined labels for specific labels?
A.Compartmentalized environment
B.Hierarchical environment
C.Centralized environment
D.Hybrid environment
10.Which of the following access control models identifies the upper and lower bounds of access for subjects with labels?
A.Nondiscretionary access control
B.Mandatory Access Control (MAC)
C.Discretionary Access Control (DAC)
D.Attribute-Based Access Control (ABAC)
11.Which of the following access control models uses labels and is commonly referred to as a lattice-based model?
A.DAC
B.Nondiscretionary
C.MAC
D.RBAC
12.Management wants users to use multifactor authentication any time they access cloud-based resources. Which of the following access control models can meet this requirement?
A.Risk-based access control
B.Mandatory Access Control (MAC)
720 Chapter 14 ■ Controlling and Monitoring Access
C.Role-Based Access Control (RBAC)
D.Discretionary Access Control (DAC)
13.Which of the following access control models determines access based on the environment and the situation?
A.Risk-based access control
B.Mandatory Access Control (MAC)
C.Role-Based Access Control (RBAC)
D.Attribute-Based Access Control (ABAC)
14.A cloud-based provider has implemented an SSO technology using JSON Web Tokens. The tokens provide authentication information and include user profiles. Which of the following best identifies this technology?
A.OIDC
B.OAuth
C.SAML
D.OpenID
15.Some users in your network are having problems authenticating with a Kerberos server. While troubleshooting the problem, you verified you can log on to your regular work computer. However, you are unable to log on to the user’s computer with your credentials. Which of the following is most likely to solve this problem?
A.Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)
B.Network Access Control (NAC)
C.Security Assertion Markup Language (SAML)
D.Network Time Protocol (NTP)
16.Your organization has a large network supporting thousands of employees, and it utilizes Kerberos. Of the following choices, what is the primary purpose of Kerberos?
A.Confidentiality
B.Integrity
C.Authentication
D.Accountability
17.What is the function of the network access server within a RADIUS architecture?
A.Authentication server
B.Client
C.AAA server
D.Firewall
Review Questions |
721 |
18.Larry manages a Linux server. Occasionally, he needs to run commands that require root- level privileges. Management wants to ensure that an attacker cannot run these commands if the attacker compromises Larry’s account. Which of the following is the best choice?
A.Grant Larry sudo access.
B.Give Larry the root password.
C.Add Larry’s account to the administrator’s group.
D.Add Larry’s account to the LocalSystem account.
19.An attacker used a tool to exploit a weakness in NTLM. They identified an administrator’s user account. Although the attacker didn’t discover the administrator’s password, they did access remote systems by impersonating the administrator. Which of the following best identifies this attack?
A.Pass the ticket
B.Golden ticket
C.Rainbow table
D.Pass the hash
20.Your organization recently suffered a major data breach. After an investigation, security analysts discovered that attackers were using golden tickets to access network resources. Which of the following did the attackers exploit?
A.RADIUS
B.SAML
C.Kerberos
D.OIDC
Chapter
15
Security Assessment
and Testing
THE CISSP EXAMTOPICS COVERED INTHIS CHAPTER INCLUDE:
Domain 6.0: Security Assessment and Testing
■■6.1 Design and validate assessment, test, and audit strategies
■■6.1.1 Internal
■■6.1.2 External
■■6.1.3Third-party
■■6.2. Conduct security control testing
■■6.2.1 Vulnerability assessment
■■6.2.2 Penetration testing
■■6.2.3 Log reviews
■■6.2.4 Synthetic transactions
■■6.2.5 Code review and testing
■■6.2.6 Misuse case testing
■■6.2.7Test coverage analysis
■■6.2.8 Interface testing
■■6.2.9 Breach attack simulations
■■6.2.10 Compliance checks
■■6.3 Collect security process data (e.g., technical and administrative)
■■6.3.1 Account management
■■6.3.2 Management review and approval
■■6.3.3 Key performance and risk indicators
■■6.3.4 Backup verification data
■■6.3.5Training and awareness
■■6.4 Analyze test output and generate report
■■6.4.1 Remediation
■■6.4.2 Exception handling
■■6.4.3 Ethical disclosure
■■6.5 Conduct or facilitate security audits
■■6.5.1 Internal
■■6.5.2 External
■■6.5.3Third-party
Domain 8.0: Software Development Security
■■8.2 Identify and apply security controls in software development ecosystems
■■8.2.10 Application security testing (e.g., Static Application SecurityTesting (SAST), Dynamic Application SecurityTesting (DAST))