английский

. The key concepts of private international law's legal nature and its place in the overall legal system. The term "private international law" was coined by American lawyer Joseph Story back in 1834. It's been used in Europe since the 1840s. Traditionally, the Anglo-American common law system and the European continental law system both define private international law as a set of rules that govern conflicts between laws when property or non-property relationships involve a "foreign element". This narrow definition of private international law is still around today.Conflict of laws, or private international law, is a concept that American scientists like M. Harrison, R. Davis, and J. Reitzel have come up with. It's basically just a way to say that there's a dispute and you need to figure out which state's court should hear it and which state's laws should be used. In other words, there aren't any real rights or obligations in conflict of laws. It just depends on which country's laws are being used to regulate the situation (the material norms).A procedural approach, you know? It's when English (A. Dicey, J. Cheshire, P. North) and American (J. Biel, G. Goodrich) writers talk about both choosing the right law and deciding where to hear a case – which courts will decide on disputes about legal matters that involve a foreign element. This kind of approach to international private law can sometimes mean that foreign laws aren't applied as much, so domestic laws are used more.The French doctrine, as taught in France, mainly focuses on the rules of private international law, specifically those related to citizenship. This includes the rules governing French citizenship, or "nationality". Courses and textbooks typically cover the legal status of foreigners in France, aka "the condition of foreigners", which includes rules on entry, residence, property, and other rights. Only after covering these basics do they move on to conflict of laws and international jurisdiction. More recent works by authors like I. Lusoin, P. Borel, and P. Laliv have taken a broader approach, including more complex issues like conflict of laws and international jurisdiction in their discussions.The idea of the role of the emergency ministry. Italian professor B. Conforti thinks that the MEP is made up of rules in domestic law that separate the inside of one country's law from another's. It tells you when to use your own rules and when to use someone else's. I. Altynov takes a broader view of the MEP and sees it as part of international law. He sees it as a set of rules for dealing with conflicts between laws. Within this idea, he sees the purpose of the MEP as making sure there aren't any conflicts between laws by deciding which law should apply. This law is based on the rules of conflict of law, which make domestic laws stronger. There are different ways to think about where the MEP fits in the legal system.The MCHP (I'm not sure what that stands for) is a system of international law - an international legal concept. The Ministry of Emergency Situations, on the other hand, is part of the internal law system of the state - a civil concept. MCHP is a complex system that relates to both public international law and domestic law. It's called systemic. Private international law covers everything related to national legal systems and domestic laws that govern private relations with foreign elements. It includes things like: - Civil law and the legal status of foreign individuals and companies - Property relations involving foreigners - Contracts related to foreign economic activities (trade, brokerage, construction, etc.) - Financial and credit transactions involving foreignersRelations regarding the use of intellectual property (copyright, patents, etc.) by foreign individuals and companies; Transportation of goods from abroad; Inheritance of property located overseas; marriages between Russians and foreigners; Adoption of children by foreign citizens; Work abroad, etc. Public relations that fall under the purview of international private law have some key features: They're international in nature. They involve private law. The subject matter of international private law is private legal relationships that are international and involve a foreign element. Foreign elements can be divided into three categories, depending on what part of the legal relationship they're associated with:The first type of foreign element is when the parties to a legal agreement are from different countries. This could be a contract between a Russian company and a Belgian one, for example, or a marriage between a Russian person and a Polish person. The second type of foreign element relates to the subject matter of the legal relationship. This is when it involves property that is located outside of the country, like the assets of a dissolved Russian company that are located abroad at the time of dissolution, or property that belongs to foreigners and is located in Russia, like foreign investments. It also includes intellectual property that is situated within the borders of another country, such as a Russian author publishing a book in France, or a foreign company registering a trademark in Russia.The third group of foreign elements is all about legal stuff that happens and makes private legal situations happen, change, or end. If a legal thing happens in another country, then it's international, like when Russian people get married in Egypt or have a car accident while driving through France.