ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɦɚɝɧɢɱɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɚ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɦɟɧɶɲɢɦɢ ɝɚɛɚɪɢɬɚɦɢ ɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɹ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɩɨɥɸɫɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɦɚɝɧɢɱɢɜɚɧɢɹ.
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɨɬɜɟɪɞɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɧɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚɦ:
x ȽɈɋɌ 17809–72 «Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɨɬɜɟɪɞɵɟ ɥɢɬɵɟ. Ɇɚɪɤɢ»; x ȽɈɋɌ 24897–81 «Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɨɬɜɟɪɞɵɟ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟ-
ɦɵɟ. Ɇɚɪɤɢ»;
x ȽɈɋɌ 21559–76 «Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɨɬɜɟɪɞɵɟ ɫɩɟɱɟɧɧɵɟ. Ɇɚɪɤɢ»;
xȽɈɋɌ 24063–80 «Ɏɟɪɪɢɬɵ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɨɬɜɟɪɞɵɟ»;
xȽɈɋɌ Ɋ 52956–2008 «Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɨɬɜɟɪɞɵɟ ɫɩɟɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɫɩɥɚɜɚ «ɧɟɨɞɢɦ–ɠɟɥɟɡɨ–ɛɨɪ». Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ».
8.2.Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɨɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ
ȼɵɫɨɤɨɤɨɷɪɰɢɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɫɩɥɚɜɵ
Ʌɢɬɵɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɤɨɷɪɰɢɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɫɩɥɚɜɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨ-
ɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɯ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɨɜ. Ʉ ɧɢɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɫɩɥɚɜɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ Fe–Ni–Al–ɋɨ. ȼɵɫɨɤɨɤɨɷɪɰɢɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ (ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ) ɬɜɟɪɞɟɧɢɹ. ɉɪɢ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɚ ɞɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɩɚɞ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɧɚ ɞɜɟ ɮɚɡɵ. Ɉɞɧɚ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ (ɫɢɥɶɧɨɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɚɹ) ɛɥɢɡɤɚ ɩɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɭ ɤ ɱɢɫɬɨɦɭ ɠɟɥɟɡɭ (ɜ ɫɩɥɚɜɚɯ ɛɟɡ ɋɨ) ɢɥɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɭ ɤɨɛɚɥɶɬɚ ɜ ɠɟɥɟɡɟ. ȼɬɨɪɚɹ ɮɚɡɚ ɛɥɢɡɤɚ ɩɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɭ ɤ ɫɥɚɛɨɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɦɭ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɸ Ni–Al. ɋɢɥɶɧɨɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɚɹ ɮɚɡɚ ɜɵɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɨɞɧɨɞɨɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɱɚɬɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɢɝɨɥɶɱɚɬɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɫɥɚɛɨɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɣ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɵ ɫ ɨɞɧɨɞɨɦɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɦɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ. Ɉɞɧɨɞɨɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɢɯ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɦ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɟ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ 20 ɧɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɞɨɛɢɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɧɚɦɚɝɧɢɱɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɞɧɨɞɨɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɧɚɦɚɝɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɚ ɠɟɥɟɡɨ ɨɛɥɚ-
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ɞɚɟɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɨɣ ɚɧɢɡɨɬɪɨɩɢɢ, ɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɤɨɷɪɰɢɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɥɨɣ ɢ ɤɜɚɡɢɩɪɹɦɨɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɟɬɥɟɣ ɝɢɫɬɟɪɟɡɢɫɚ (ɫɦ. ɪɚɡɞ. 4.2 ɢ ɪɢɫ. 4.12). Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɭɥɭɱɲɢɬɶ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ, ɫɨɡɞɚɜ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɭɸ ɬɟɤɫɬɭɪɭ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɬɟɪɦɨɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɚ ɜ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɦ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɦ ɩɨɥɟ (ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 120 ɤȺ/ɦ). Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɨɚɧɢɡɨɬɪɨɩɧɵɦ, ɬ. ɟ. ɟɝɨ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɸɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɹ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɢɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɩɥɚɜɚɯ, ɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɛɚɥɶɬɨɦ (ɞɨ 20…42 %), ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɤɨɛɚɥɶɬ ɩɨɧɢɠɚɟɬ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚ ɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ Ʉɸɪɢ ɫɩɥɚɜɚ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɮɟɪɪɨɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɦ ɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɟ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɟ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɪɨɫɬɭ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɯ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɥɹ. ɉɥɚɫɬɢɧɱɚɬɵɟ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɭɩɨɪɹɞɨɱɟɧɧɵɦ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɭɸ ɬɟɤɫɬɭɪɭ (ɪɢɫ. 8.3).
ɚ ɛ Ɋɢɫ. 8.3. Ɋɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɮɟɪɪɨɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɜ ɫɩɥɚɜɟ:
ɚ – ɢɡɨɬɪɨɩɧɨɦ; ɛ – ɚɧɢɡɨɬɪɨɩɧɨɦ
Ⱦɥɹ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɨɫɨɛɭɸ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɸ ɡɚɥɢɜɤɢ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɚ ɜ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɫ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɟɝɨ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ ɩɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɟ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɫɩɥɚɜɵ ɫ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɫɬɨɥɛɱɚɬɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ: ɨɛɪɚɡɟɰ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɫɬɨɥɛɱɚɬɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ, ɩɪɨɧɢɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɧɚ ɜɫɸ ɜɵɫɨɬɭ. ɉɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ
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ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɨɬ ɞɨɥɟɣ ɦɢɥɥɢɦɟɬɪɚ ɞɨ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɦɢɥɥɢɦɟɬɪɨɜ, ɚ ɨɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ [100] ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ ɩɨ ɞɥɢɧɟ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɚ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɬɟɪɦɨɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɜɞɨɥɶ ɞɥɢɧɧɵɯ ɨɫɟɣ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɞɜɨɣɧɭɸ ɬɟɤɫɬɭɪɭ: ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɢ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɭɸ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɭɥɭɱɲɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɫɟ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ, ɚ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɚɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ Wmax ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ 60…70 %.
ȿɳɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɭɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɢ ɜ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɚɡ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɜ ɦɨɧɨɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɩɥɚɜɚɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɵɪɚɳɢɜɚɸɬ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɡɨɧɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɜɤɢ ɧɚ ɡɚɬɪɚɜɤɚɯ ɜ ɜɚɤɭɭɦɟ ɢɥɢ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ.
Ɇɚɪɤɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɥɢɬɵɯ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɛɭɤɜɵ ɘ ɢ ɇ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɣ ɢ ɧɢɤɟɥɶ. Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɛɭɤɜɵ ɥɟɝɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ: Ⱦ – ɦɟɞɶ, Ʉ – ɤɨɛɚɥɶɬ, ɋ – ɤɪɟɦɧɢɣ, Ɍ – ɬɢɬɚɧ, Ȼ – ɧɢɨɛɢɣ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɛɭɤɜɵ ɫɬɨɢɬ ɰɢɮɪɚ, ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɧɨɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ. Ȼɭɤɜɚ Ⱥ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɫɬɨɥɛɱɚɬɭɸ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ; ɛɭɤɜɨɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɟ ȺȺ – ɦɨɧɨɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ.
ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɢ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 8.1 ɢ 8.2.
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Ʌɢɬɵɟ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɨɬɜɟɪɞɵɟ ɫɩɥɚɜɵ |
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Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 8.1 |
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Ɇɚɪɤɚ |
ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ (ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ), % |
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Ɇɚɝɧɢɬ- |
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ɚɥɸɦɢ- |
ɧɢ- |
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ɤɨ- |
ɬɢ- |
ɧɢɨ- |
ɤɪɟɦ- |
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ɧɚɹ |
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ɫɩɥɚɜɚ |
ɦɟɞɶ |
ɠɟɥɟɡɨ |
ɚɧɢɡɨ- |
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ɧɢɣ |
ɤɟɥɶ |
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ɛɚɥɶɬ |
ɬɚɧ |
ɛɢɣ |
ɧɢɣ |
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ɬɪɨɩɢɹ |
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ɘɇȾɑ |
13,0–14,0 |
24,0– |
3,0– |
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0,2– |
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25,0 |
4,0 |
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0,3 |
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Ɉɬɫɭɬ- |
ɘɇɌɋ |
13,0–16,0 |
32,0– |
– |
0,4– |
|
1,0–1,5 |
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35,0 |
|
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0,5 |
– |
|
|
ɫɬɜɭɟɬ |
ɘɇȾɄɂ |
8,5–10,0 |
18,0– |
3,0– |
15,0– |
– |
– |
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20,0 |
4,0 |
19,0 |
|
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ɘɇȾɄ |
|
12,5– |
2,0– |
23,5– |
0,15– |
|
Ⱦɨ 1,5 |
|
|
7,5–8,7 |
15,5 |
3,5 |
25,0 |
0,5 |
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Ɉɫɬɚɥɶ- |
|
|||||
ɘɇȾɄȻȺ |
12,5– |
3,0– |
24,0– |
Ⱦɨ 0,3 |
Ⱦɨ |
Ⱦɨ 0,6 |
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||||||||
|
15,0 |
4,5 |
26,0 |
0,15 |
ɧɨɟ |
|
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ɘɇȾɄɌ5 |
6,5–8,2 |
14,0– |
3,0– |
34,0– |
4,5– |
Ⱦɨ 1,1 |
|
|
|
16,5 |
35,5 |
5,5 |
|
|
ɂɦɟɟɬɫɹ |
||||
ɘɇȾɄɌ5ȻȺ |
6,5–7,5 |
|
4,0 |
34,5– |
4,0– |
Ⱦɨ 1,2 |
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|
|
5,5 |
– |
|
|
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ɘɇȾɄɌ5ȺȺ |
7,0–7,5 |
13,5– |
2,5– |
35,5 |
5,0– |
|
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14,5 |
4,6 |
|
5,5 |
– |
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|
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|
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ɘɇȾɄɌ8 |
7,0-8,5 |
|
3,0– |
38,0– |
7,0– |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|||||
|
4,0 |
42,0 |
9,0 |
|
|
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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253
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Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɥɢɬɵɯ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ |
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 8.2 |
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Ɇɚɪɤɚ |
Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ |
Ʉɨɷɪɰɢɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɫɢɥɚ |
Ɉɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɚɹ |
|
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ (ȼɇ)max, |
ɩɨ ɢɧɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɇɫȼ, |
ɢɧɞɭɤɰɢɹ ȼr, |
||
ɫɩɥɚɜɚ |
||||
|
ɤȾɠ/ɦ3 |
ɤȺ/ɦ |
Ɍɥ |
|
ɘɇȾɑ |
ɇɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 7,2 |
ɇɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 40 |
ɇɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 0,50 |
|
ɘɇɌɋ |
ɇɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 8,0 |
ɇɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 58 |
ɇɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 0,43 |
|
ɘɇȾɄɂ |
12,0–19,4 |
48–55 |
0,75–0,90 |
|
ɘɇȾɄ |
36,0–44,0 |
40–52 |
1,11-–1,25 |
|
ɘɇȾɄȻȺ |
56,0–60,0 |
44–62 |
1,25–1,40 |
|
ɘɇȾɄɌ5 |
28,0–44,0 |
92–120 |
0,75–0,90 |
|
ɘɇȾɄɌ5ȻȺ |
72,0–88,0 |
110–120 |
1,00–1,10 |
|
ɘɇȾɄɌ5ȺȺ |
80,0–88,0 |
115–120 |
1,05–1,10 |
|
ɘɇȾɄɌ8 |
ɇɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 36,0 |
145–168 |
0,70–0,75 |
|
Ʉɪɢɜɵɟ ɪɚɡɦɚɝɧɢɱɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɦɚɪɨɤ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 8.4.
ɇɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɦ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɯ ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɯɪɭɩɤɨɫɬɶ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɲɥɢɮɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ. Ɇɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ ɲɢɯɬɵ, ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɥɢɬɶɹ, ɪɟɠɢɦɚɬɟɪɦɨɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɣɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɢ ɞɪ.
ɉɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɦɵɟ ɫɩɥɚɜɵ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ Fe–Cr–Co (Cr – 22…33 % ɩɨɦɚɫɫɟ, Co – 9…23,5 %,
ɥɟɝɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɢ: ɜɚɧɚɞɢɣ (Ɏ) 0,3…3,2 %; ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɣ (Ⱥ), ɤɪɟɦɧɢɣ (Ʉ), ɬɢɬɚɧ (Ɍ), ɧɢɨɛɢɣ (Ȼ) ɢ ɦɟɞɶ (Ⱦ) ɜ ɫɭɦɦɟ 0,5…2,5 %; ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɟ – ɠɟɥɟɡɨ). ɗɬɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɢɨɧɧɨ ɬɜɟɪɞɟɸɳɢɦɢ ɫɩɥɚɜɚɦɢ.
ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ ȽɈɋɌ 24897–81 «Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɨɬɜɟɪɞɵɟ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɦɵɟ. Ɇɚɪɤɢ». ȼɫɟ ɷɬɢ ɫɩɥɚɜɵ ɞɨ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɯɨɪɨɲɢɦɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɬɶɫɹ ɜɫɟɦ ɜɢɞɚɦ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ ɢɡɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɨɤ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɨɜ. ɋɩɥɚɜɵ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɸɬ ɦɚɝɧɢɬ-
254
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 8.3
ɉɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɦɵɟ ɫɩɥɚɜɵ
|
(ȼɇ) |
, ɤȾɠ/ɦ3 |
ɇ |
, ɤȺ/ɦ |
ȼ |
,Ɍɥ |
Ɇɚɪɤɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ |
|
max |
|
ɫȼ |
r |
|
|
|
ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ |
|
|
||
|
|
|
|
|
||
28ɏ10Ʉ |
|
7 |
|
20 |
0,8 |
|
28ɏ10ɄȺ |
|
26 |
|
38 |
1,1 |
|
25ɏ15Ʉ |
|
10 |
|
24 |
0,9 |
|
25ɏ15ɄȺ |
|
32 |
|
40 |
1,2 |
|
23ɏ15Ʉ5ɎȺ |
|
38 |
|
42 |
1,25 |
|
30ɏ23Ʉ |
|
12 |
|
50 |
0,75 |
|
30ɏ23ɄȺ |
|
30 |
|
55 |
1,00 |
|
22ɏ15ɄȺ |
|
56 |
|
47 |
1,5 |
|
23ɏ15ɄȺ |
|
34 |
|
40 |
1,23 |
|
25ɏ12Ʉ2ȻȺ |
|
35 |
|
40 |
1,25 |
|
23ɏ14Ʉ3ɎȺ |
|
36 |
|
41 |
1,27 |
|
32ɏ12ɄȾɌ |
|
24 |
|
48 |
1,05 |
|
ɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɣ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ 70…90 % (ɩɪɨɤɚɬɤɚ, ɜɨɥɨɱɟɧɢɟ) ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɬɟɪɦɨɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɨɧɢ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɸɬ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɭɸ ɚɧɢɡɨɬɪɨɩɢɸ. ȼɵɩɭɫɤɚɸɬɫɹ ɥɢɬɵɦɢ, ɝɨɪɹɱɟɤɚɬɚɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɤɚɬɚɧɵɦɢ. ɂɡ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ ɢɡɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɥɟɧɬɵ, ɥɢɫɬɵ ɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɥɨɤɭ. ɋɩɥɚɜɵ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɞɟɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ. Ɉɬɠɢɝɭ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ. ɉɪɨɣɞɹɬɟɪɦɨɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ, ɨɧɢɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɬɫɹɬɜɟɪɞɵɦɢɢɯɪɭɩɤɢɦɢ.
Ɋɢɫ. 8.5. Ʉɪɢɜɵɟ ɪɚɡɦɚɝɧɢɱɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ:
1 – 28ɏ10Ʉ; 2 – 28ɏ10ɄȺ; 3 – 25ɏ15Ʉ; 4 – 25ɏ15ɄȺ; 5 – 23ɏ15Ʉ5ɎȺ; 6 – 30ɏ23Ʉ; 7 – 30ɏ23ɄȺ
255
ɂɡ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ ɢɡɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɦɟɥɤɢɟ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɟ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ, ɜɵɫɨɤɨɩɪɨɱɧɵɟ ɥɟɧɬɵ, ɩɪɨɜɨɥɨɤɢ ɢ ɞɪ. Ɇɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 8.3.
ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 8.5 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɤɪɢɜɵɟ ɪɚɡɦɚɝɧɢɱɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ȼɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɞɚɧɢɟ ɚɧɢɡɨɬɪɨɩɧɵɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɫɩɥɚɜɭ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɇɫȼ, ɬɚɤ ɢ
Wmax (ɫɪ., ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɤɪɢɜɵɟ 1 ɢ 2, 3 ɢ 4, 6 ɢ 7).
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ – ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɧɢ ɡɚɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ, ɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɨɬɜɟɪɞɵɦɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦɢ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɢɯ ɜɵɩɭɫɤ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧ.
ɋɩɟɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ ɫ ɊɁɗ
ɋɩɥɚɜɵ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɫ ɪɟɞɤɨɡɟɦɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɢɧɬɟɪɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɧɚɢɜɵɫɲɢɦɢ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ. Ɉɧɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɇɫ ɢ Wmax.
Ɇɚɝɧɢɬɵ SmCo (ɞɢɫɤɢ, ɤɨɥɶɰɚ, ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɵ) ɢɡɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɨɜɨɣ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɢ ɢɡ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɥɚɜɚ SmCo5. ɋɩɥɚɜ ɝɨɬɨɜɹɬ ɜ ɢɧɞɭɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɟɱɚɯ ɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɟ ɢɧɟɪɬɧɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ (ɚɪɝɨɧ, ɝɟɥɢɣ). Ɉɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬ ɫ ɦɚɥɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ (70 ºɋ/ɦɢɧ), ɨɬɠɢɝɚɸɬ ɜ ɢɧɟɪɬɧɨɣ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɟ ɢ ɪɚɡɦɚɥɵɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɜɢɛɪɨɦɟɥɶɧɢɰɚɯ ɞɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɦɟɧɟɟ 10 ɦɤɦ. ɉɨɪɨɲɨɤ ɩɪɟɫɫɭɸɬ ɜ ɩɪɟɫɫɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɜ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɦ ɩɨɥɟ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 800 ɤȺ/ɦ ɢ ɫɩɟɤɚɸɬ ɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɟ ɢɧɟɪɬɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ ɩɪɢ 1100…1150 ºɋ.
ɉɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɟɬ ɞɨ 15 ɦɚɪɨɤ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɨɜ. ȼɦɚɪɤɢɪɨɜɤɟ ɛɭɤɜɵ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬ: Ʉ – ɤɨɛɚɥɶɬ, ɋ – ɫɚɦɚɪɢɣ, ɗ – ɷɪɛɢɣ, Ƚɞ – ɝɚɞɨɥɢɧɢɣ, Ⱦ – ɦɟɞɶ, ɐ – ɰɢɪɤɨɧɢɣ, ɆɆ – ɰɟɪɢɟɜɵɣ ɦɢɲɦɟɬɚɥɥ, Ⱥ – ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɧɚɹ ɬɟɤɫɬɭɪɚ. ɐɢɮɪɵ, ɫɬɨɹɳɢɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɛɭɤɜ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦɭ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɸ ɫɚɦɚɪɢɹ ɢ ɰɟɪɢɟɜɨɝɨ ɦɢɲɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ*, ɚ ɰɢɮɪɵ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɞɟɮɢɫɚ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ Wmax.
ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, Ʉɋ25Ⱦɐ-150 – ɫɚɦɚɪɢɣ-ɤɨɛɚɥɶɬɨɜɵɣ ɦɚɝɧɢɬ ɫ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɚɦɚɪɢɹ 25 %, ɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɦɟɞɶɸ ɢ ɰɢɪɤɨɧɢɟɦ. Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ WɆ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 150 ɤȾɠ/ɦ3.
* ɐɟɪɢɟɜɵɣ ɦɢɲɦɟɬɚɥɥ – ɫɩɥɚɜ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɊɁɗ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ, %: 50...55 ɋɟ, 25...30 La, 10...15 Nd, 4...6 Pr.
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Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɫɚɦɚɪɢɣ-ɤɨɛɚɥɶɬɨɜɵɯ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɨɜ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ: ȼr = 0,57…1,1 Ɍɥ; ɇɫȼ =
= 425…780 ɤȺ/ɦ; (BH)max = 65…240 ɤȾɠ/ɦ3; ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɞɨ 100 ºɋ.
Ɇɚɝɧɢɬɵ ɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɵ ɨɬ ɨɤɫɢɞɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚɦɢ ɢɡ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɢɥɢ ɨɤɫɢɞɧɵɯ ɩɥɟɧɨɤ. ɉɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɟɥɢɤɢ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɢɯ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɚɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɯɪɭɩɤɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ.
Ɇɚɝɧɢɬɵ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ NdFeB. Ɋɟɞɤɨɡɟɦɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɵ,
ɢɡɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɢɡ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɞɚ Nd2Fe14B. ɉɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚɢ-
ɜɵɫɲɢɟ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ (Br, Hc ɢ Wmax) ɢ ɧɟɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ.
ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫɨ ɫɥɚɛɨɣ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɧɢ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɞɶɸ, ɧɢɤɟɥɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɰɢɧɤɨɦ.
ɉɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɩɟɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɨɬɜɟɪɞɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɫɩɥɚɜɚ «ɧɟɨɞɢɦ–ɠɟɥɟɡɨ–ɛɨɪ» ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ 10…37 ɦɚɫɫ. % Nd, ɞɨ
20 % Co, ɞɨ 2 % ȼ, ɞɨ 25 % ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɊɁɆ (Dy, Pr, Tb), ɞɨ 5 % ɩɪɨɱɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ (Nb, Al, Ga, Mo, V, Ti). Ɍɢɩɨɜɨɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɚ ɫɩɥɚɜɚ ɜ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɦ ɩɨɥɟ ɢ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɨɤ ɜ ɜɚɤɭɭɦɟ ɢɥɢ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɢɧɟɪɬɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ. ɋɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɟ ɦɚɪɤɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ
(BH)max = (150…380) ɤȾɠ/ɦ3, ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɭɸ ɢɧɞɭɤɰɢɸ 0,94…1,35 Ɍɥ,
ɤɨɷɪɰɢɬɢɜɧɭɸ ɫɢɥɭ ɩɨ ɢɧɞɭɤɰɢɢ (700…950) ɤȺ/ɦ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ (80…220 ºɋ).
ɍɫɥɨɜɧɨɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɨɣ ɦɚɪɤɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɨɛɳɟɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ (ɇɦȻ), ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ Wmax, ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɷɪɰɢɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɥɵ
ɩɨ ɧɚɦɚɝɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ (ɇɫɆ), ɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɧɚ 10. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ: ɇɦȻ 250/80.
Ɇɚɝɧɢɬɨɬɜɟɪɞɵɟ ɮɟɪɪɢɬɵ
Ɇɚɝɧɢɬɨɬɜɟɪɞɵɟ ɮɟɪɪɢɬɵ (ɨɤɫɢɞɧɵɟ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɵ) – ɷɬɨ ɮɟɪɪɢɦɚɝɧɟɬɢɤɢ ɫ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɧɢɡɨɬɪɨɩɢɟɣ. Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɢɯ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɚ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɢ. ȼɚɠɧɵɦɢ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɹɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɢ ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɡɦɟɥɶɱɟɧɢɹ ɲɢɯɬɵ. Ɋɚɡɦɟɪ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɲɢɯɬɵ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɛɥɢɡɨɤ ɤ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬ-
257
ɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɦɭ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɭ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɞɨɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ (~1 ɦɤɦ), ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɦ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɲɢɯɬɵ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ 0,3…0,7 ɦɤɦ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɹ – ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɭɸ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɪɟɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ, ɬ. ɟ. ɪɨɫɬ ɡɟɪɟɧ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɰɟɥɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɥɟɝɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɢ, ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚɯ ɡɟɪɟɧ ɢ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɢɯ ɪɨɫɬɭ.
ɉɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɮɟɪɪɢɬɵ ɛɚɪɢɹ, ɫɬɪɨɧɰɢɹ ɢ ɤɨɛɚɥɶɬɚ. Ɏɟɪɪɢɬɵ ɛɚɪɢɹ ɢ ɫɬɪɨɧɰɢɹ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɝɟɤɫɚɝɨɧɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɫ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɨɣ MeO·nFe2O3, ɝɞɟ Me – ɛɚɪɢɣ
ɢɥɢ ɫɬɪɨɧɰɢɣ; n – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ, ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɦɚɪɤɢ ɮɟɪɪɢɬɚ ɨɬ 4,7 ɞɨ 6,0. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɹ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɜ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɜɜɨɞɹɬ ɨɤɫɢɞɵ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ, ɤɪɟɦɧɢɹ, ɛɨɪɚ ɢ ɜɢɫɦɭɬɚ ɜ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ 0,1…3,0 % ɢ ɪɟɞɤɨɡɟɦɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɜ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ 0,1…1,0 %. Ɏɟɪɪɢɬɵ ɛɚɪɢɹ ɢ ɫɬɪɨɧɰɢɹ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɦɟɧɶɲɢɦɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ ȼr, ɜ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɢ ɫ ɥɢɬɵɦɢ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɚɦɢ.
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɚɧɢɡɨɬɪɨɩɢɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɢɯ ɤɨɷɪɰɢɬɢɜɧɭɸ ɫɢɥɭ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɶ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ Wmax ɢ ɩɪɢɞɚɟɬ ɢɦ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɭɸ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶ-
ɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɟɣ, ɭɞɚɪɨɜ ɢ ɬɨɥɱɤɨɜ. ɂɯ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɜ 1,5 ɪɚɡɚ ɧɢɠɟ, ɱɟɦ ɭ ɥɢɬɵɯ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɨɜ, ɚ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɦɢɥɥɢɨɧ ɪɚɡ ɜɵɲɟ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɢɯ ɜ ɰɟɩɹɯ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɱɚɫɬɨɬɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɟɣ. Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚɦ, ɦɚɝɧɢɬɨɬɜɟɪɞɵɟ ɮɟɪɪɢɬɵ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɜɵɬɟɫɧɹɸɬ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɨɬɜɟɪɞɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ. ɇɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɦ ɷɬɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɛóɥɶɲɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ȼr, ɱɟɦ ɭ ɥɢɬɵɯ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɨɜ.
Ɇɚɝɧɢɬɨɬɜɟɪɞɵɟ ɮɟɪɪɢɬɵ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶɸ ɤ ɪɚɡɦɚɝɧɢɱɢɜɚɧɢɸ ɜ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɢ ɫ ɯɨɪɨɲɟɣ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶɸ. ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɧɢɡɤɢɟ (ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦɢ) ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɯɪɭɩɤɨɫɬɶ, ɦɚɝɧɢɬɨɬɜɟɪɞɵɟ ɮɟɪɪɢɬɵ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɢ.
Ɇɚɝɧɢɬɵ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɛɚɪɢɟɜɨɝɨ ɮɟɪɪɢɬɚ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɸɬ ɢɡɨɬɪɨɩɧɵɦɢ (Ȼɂ) ɢ ɚɧɢɡɨɬɪɨɩɧɵɦɢ (ȻȺ), ɚ ɫɬɪɨɧɰɢɟɜɵɟ ɮɟɪɪɢɬɵ – ɚɧɢɡɨɬɪɨɩɧɵɦɢ (ɋȺ). ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɨɜ ɦɚɪɨɤ (ȻȺ) ɢ (ɋȺ) ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɦ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɦ ɩɨɥɟ (H > 240…400 ɤȺ/ɦ) ɞɥɹ
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ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɜ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɥɹ. Ɏɟɪɪɢɬɵ ɤɨɛɚɥɶɬɚ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɤɭɛɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɫ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɨɣ CoO·Fe2O3.
ɂɯ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɩɨ ɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɮɟɪɪɢɬɵ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɛɚɪɢɹ ɢ ɫɬɪɨɧɰɢɹ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɟɪɦɨɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɫɩɟɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɞɚɧɢɹ ɢɦ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ. Ɇɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɮɟɪɪɢɬɚ ɤɨɛɚɥɶɬɚ ɚɧɢɡɨɬɪɨɩɧɨɝɨ (ɄȺ) ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨ ɯɭɠɟ, ɱɟɦ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɚɧɢɡɨɬɪɨɩɧɵɯ ɮɟɪɪɢɬɨɜ ɛɚɪɢɹ ɢ ɫɬɪɨɧɰɢɹ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ –70…+80 °ɋ ɄȺ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ȼr ɜ 3…4 ɪɚɡɚ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɭ ɮɟɪɪɢɬɨɜ ɛɚɪɢɹ ɢ
ɫɬɪɨɧɰɢɹ. Ɇɚɪɤɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɮɟɪɪɢɬɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ: ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɫɬɨɢɬ ɱɢɫɥɨ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ (BH)max [ɤȾɠ/ɦ3]; ɞɚɥɟɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɬ
ɛɭɤɜɵ Ȼɂ, ȻȺ, ɋȺ, ɄȺ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɫɬɨɢɬ ɱɢɫɥɨ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɷɪɰɢɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɥɵ ɩɨ ɧɚɦɚɝɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ [ɤȺ/ɦ].
ȼɵɩɭɫɤɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɦɚɪɤɢ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɨɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɝɟɤɫɚɮɟɪɪɢɬɨɜ: ɛɚɪɢɟɜɵɟ – 6Ȼɂ240, 16ȻȺ190, 18ȻȺ220, 22ȻȺ220, 24ȻȺ210, 25ȻȺ150, 25ȻȺ170 ɢ 28ȻȺ190; ɫɬɪɨɧɰɢɟɜɵɟ – 21ɋȺ320, 24ɋȺ190, 28ɋȺ250. ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɮɟɪɪɢɬɨɜ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ:
–ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɦɨɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɞɨɥɹɯ:
ɆɟO·nFe2O3 (n ɨɬ 4,7 ɞɨ 5,9);
–ɩɪɢɦɟɫɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ;
–ɪɟɞɤɨɡɟɦɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɜ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɵɯ ɞɨɥɹɯ ɨɬ 0,1 ɞɨ 1 % ɫɜɟɪɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ;
–Al, Si, B, Bi ɢ ɞɪ. ɜ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɵɯ ɞɨɥɹɯ ɨɬ 0,1 ɞɨ 3 % ɫɜɟɪɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ.
ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɢɧɞɭɤɰɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ 0,19…0,39 Ɍɥ, ɤɨɷɪɰɢɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɫɢɥɚ ɩɨ ɧɚɦɚɝɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ 150…320 ɤȺ/ɦ, ɚ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢ-
ɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ (BH)max = 6…28 ɤȾɠ/ɦ3. Ʉɪɢɜɵɟ ɪɚɡɦɚɝɧɢɱɢ-
ɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɝɟɤɫɚɮɟɪɪɢɬɨɜ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 8.6. Ʉɨɛɚɥɶɬɨɜɵɣ ɮɟɪɪɢɬ ɩɨ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɭ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ
ɫɬɟɯɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ CoO–Fe2O3. ɏɨɬɹ ɢɨɧɵ ɤɨɛɚɥɶɬɚ ɨɛɥɚ-
ɞɚɸɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɞɧɨɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɚɧɢɡɨɬɪɨɩɢɟɣ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɭɸ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɚ ɨɞɧɨɨɫɧɭɸ ɚɧɢɡɨɬɪɨɩɢɸ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɬɟɪɦɨɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ: ɜɵɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɩɪɢ 300…350 ºɋ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 1,5 ɱ ɢ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɜ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɦ ɩɨɥɟ ɇ = 240 ɤȺ/ɦ.
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Ɍɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɋɉɛȽɗɌɍ "ɅɗɌɂ" ɢɦ. ȼ.ɂ. ɍɥɶɹɧɨɜɚ (Ʌɟɧɢɧɚ)
Ɋɢɫ. 8.6. Ʉɪɢɜɵɟ ɪɚɡɦɚɝɧɢɱɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɢɧɞɭɤɰɢɢ ȼ (ɫɩɥɨɲɧɵɟ ɥɢɧɢɢ) ɢ ɩɨ ɧɚɦɚɝɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ Ɇ (ɲɬɪɢɯɨɜɵɟ ɥɢɧɢɢ) ɮɟɪɪɢɬɨɜ ɛɚɪɢɹ ɢ ɫɬɪɨɧɰɢɹ:
1 – 28ɋȺ250; 2 – 25ȻȺ170; 3 – 21ɋȺ320; 4 – 16ȻȺ190; 5 – 6Ȼɂ240
ȼɵɩɭɫɤɚɸɬɫɹ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɵ ɦɚɪɨɤ 11ɄȺ135 ɢ 14ɄȺ135 ɫ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɢɧɞɭɤɰɢɟɣ 0,24…0,28 Ɍɥ, (BH)max = 11…14 ɤȾɠ/ɦ3 ɢ ɤɨɷɪɰɢɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɥɨɣ ɩɨ ɧɚɦɚɝɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ 135 ɤȺ/ɦ.
ɉɨɥɢɦɟɪɧɵɟ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɟ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɵ (ɦɚɝɧɢɬɨɩɥɚɫɬɵ)
ɂɡɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɚ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɪɟɡɢɧɵ). Ⱦɨɫɬɨɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɨɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ – ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɢ ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɦɚɥɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɨɣ.
Ɋɢɫ. 8.7. ɋɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ ɫ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɢɡ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɨɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ
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