Ɋɢɫ. 6.4. Ɍɢɩɵ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ:
ɚ, ɛ – ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɜɵɟ; ɜ, ɝ – ɛɪɨɧɟɜɵɟ; ɞ – ɬɨɪɨɢɞɚɥɶɧɵɣ
Ɍɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪ ɫɨ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɜɵɦ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɦ (ɪɢɫ. 6.4, ɚ ɢ ɛ) ɢɦɟɟɬ ɧɟɪɚɡɜɟɬɜɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɭɸ ɰɟɩɶ; ɧɚ ɞɜɭɯ ɟɝɨ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɹɯ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬ ɞɜɟ ɤɚɬɭɲɤɢ ɫ ɨɛɦɨɬɤɚɦɢ. Ɍɚɤɭɸ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɸ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɞɜɭɯ ɤɚɬɭɲɟɤ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɬɞɚɱɢ ɢ ɭɥɭɱɲɚɟɬ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɨɛɦɨɬɨɤ. Ɍɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɵ ɫ ɛɪɨɧɟɜɵɦ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɢɤɨɦ (ɪɢɫ. 6.4, ɜ ɢ ɝ) ɢɦɟɸɬ ɪɚɡɜɟɬɜɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɭɸ ɰɟɩɶ, ɨɛɦɨɬɤɢ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɤɚɬɭɲɤɟ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɦɨɣ ɧɚ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɜ ɦɚɥɨɦɨɳɧɵɯ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɚɯ.
ɉɥɚɫɬɢɧɱɚɬɵɟ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɵ (ɪɢɫ. 6.4, ɚ ɢ ɜ) ɫɨɛɢɪɚɸɬ ɢɡ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɲɬɚɦɩɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɒ-ɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɉ-ɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɵɱɟɤ. ɉɪɢ ɫɛɨɪɤɟ ɜɫɬɵɤ ɜɫɟ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɵ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɢ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɦɵɱɤɚɦɢ. Ɇɚɝɧɢɬɨɩɪɨɜɨɞ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɞɜɭɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɵɟ ɡɚɡɨɪɵ ɜ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɣ ɰɟɩɢ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɨɜ, ɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɨɛɦɨɬɤɢ ɩɨɦɢɦɨ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɤɚ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɣ. ɉɪɢ ɫɛɨɪɤɟ ɜɧɚɯɥɟɫɬ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɵ ɱɟɪɟɞɭɸɬɫɹ ɬɚɤ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɭ ɫɨɫɟɞɧɢɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧ ɪɚɡɪɟɡɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɫ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɡɨɪɚ ɜ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɟ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɟɝɨ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ.
191
Ʌɟɧɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɵ (ɪɢɫ. 6.4, ɛ ɢ ɝ) ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɧɚɜɢɜɤɨɣ ɥɟɧɬɵ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɱɟɝɨ «ɜɢɬɨɣ» ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɢɤ ɪɚɡɪɟɡɚɸɬ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɞɜɚ ɋ-ɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɢɤɚ. ɇɚ ɨɞɢɧ ɋ-ɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɣ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɢɤ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɤɚɬɭɲɤɢ ɫ ɨɛɦɨɬɤɚɦɢ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɜɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɋ-ɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɣ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɢɤ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɧɟɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɡɨɪɚ ɜ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɟ ɬɨɪɰɵ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɫɤɥɟɢɜɚɸɬ ɩɚɫɬɨɣ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɣ ɮɟɪɪɨɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ. ȿɫɥɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦ ɡɚɡɨɪ, ɬɨ ɜ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɫɬɵɤɚ ɞɜɭɯ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɢɡ ɛɭɦɚɝɢ ɢɥɢ ɤɚɪɬɨɧɚ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɨɣ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɵ. ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɛɪɨɧɟɜɨɝɨ ɥɟɧɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɢɤɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɨɞɧɭ ɤɚɬɭɲɤɭ ɫ ɨɛɦɨɬɤɚɦɢ ɢ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɋ-ɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɢɤɚ. Ⱦɨɫɬɨɢɧɫɬɜɨɦ ɥɟɧɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɱɚɬɵɯ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɢɤɚɯ, ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɱɟɦɭ ɭɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɤɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɢ ɦɚɫɫɭ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɚ. ɗɬɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɱɚɬɵɯ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɢɤɚɯ ɢɡ ɚɧɢɡɨɬɪɨɩɧɨɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɯ ɫɢɥɨɜɵɯ ɥɢɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɟɪɩɟɧɞɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɨɤɚɬɚ (ɧɟ ɜɞɨɥɶ «ɥɟɝɤɨɣ» ɨɫɢ), ɚ ɜ ɥɟɧɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɢɤɚɯ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɩɨɥɹ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɜɞɨɥɶ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɤɚɬɚ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɞɥɢɧɟ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ.
Ɍɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɵ ɧɚ ɬɨɪɨɢɞɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɢɤɚɯ (ɪɢɫ. 6.4, ɞ) ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɵ ɢ ɞɨɪɨɝɢ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɢɯ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɤ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɦ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɦ ɩɨɥɹɦ ɢ ɦɚɥɚɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɪɚɫɫɟɹɧɢɹ. Ɉɛɦɨɬɤɢ ɜ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɟ ɧɚɦɚɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɦɭ ɬɨɪɨɢɞɭ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɟɳɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɢɬɶ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɟ ɩɨɬɨɤɢ ɪɚɫɫɟɹɧɢɹ.
ɉɪɟɰɢɡɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɨɦɹɝɤɢɟ ɫɩɥɚɜɵ
ɉɪɟɰɢɡɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɨɦɹɝɤɢɟ ɫɩɥɚɜɵ – ɷɬɨ ɫɩɥɚɜɵ ɫɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ, ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɬɨɱɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɨɦ, ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɟɣ ɜɵɩɥɚɜɤɢ ɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɟɪɦɨɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɨɣ.
ȽɈɋɌ 10160–75 «ɋɩɥɚɜɵ ɩɪɟɰɢɡɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɨɦɹɝɤɢɟ» ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɨɦɹɝɤɢɟ ɧɟɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɩɥɚɜɵ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɦɚɥɨɣ ɤɨɷɪɰɢɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɥɨɣ. ȼ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ:
–ɫɩɥɚɜɵ ɞɜɨɣɧɵɟ (ɠɟɥɟɡɨɧɢɤɟɥɟɜɵɟ, ɠɟɥɟɡɨɤɨɛɚɥɶɬɨɜɵɟ, ɠɟɥɟɡɨɯɪɨɦɢɫɬɵɟ);
–ɫɩɥɚɜɵ ɬɪɨɣɧɵɟ (ɠɟɥɟɡɨɧɢɤɟɥɶɤɨɛɚɥɶɬɨɜɵɟ).
192
ɋɩɥɚɜɵ ɩɪɟɰɢɡɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɨɦɹɝɤɢɟ ɢɡɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɤɚɬɚɧɵɯ ɥɟɧɬ, ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨ- ɢ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɤɚɬɚɧɵɯ ɥɢɫɬɨɜ, ɝɨɪɹɱɟɤɚɬɚɧɵɯ ɢ ɤɨɜɚɧɵɯ ɩɪɭɬɤɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɥɨɤɢ.
ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɫɩɥɚɜɵ ɬɪɟɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ:
ȱ – ɫ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ; Iȱ – ɫ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ; III – ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦɢ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ.
ɍɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ: ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ I – ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɣ ɜɵɩɥɚɜɤɢ, ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ II – ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɨɬɛɨɪɚ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɜɵɩɥɚɜɤɢ ɜ ɜɚɤɭɭɦɧɵɯ ɩɟɱɚɯ, ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ III – ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ ɜɵɩɥɚɜɤɢ. Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɸ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ III ɢɡɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɩɨ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɫ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɟɦ.
ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɩɪɟɰɢɡɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɨɦɹɝɤɢɯ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ȽɈɋɌ 10994–74. Ʉ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɫɩɥɚɜɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ Fe–Ni (ɩɟɪɦɚɥɥɨɢ); ɫɩɥɚɜɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ Fe–Co (ɩɟɪɦɟɧɞɸɪɵ) ɢ ɫɩɥɚɜɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ Fe–Co–Ni ɫ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɚɦɢ Mn, Cr, Si, Cu, Va, Ti. ɉɟɪɦɚɥɥɨɢ ɢ ɩɟɪɦɟɧɞɸɪɵ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɥɢɫɬɨɜɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɨɣ ɞɨ 0,005 ɦɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɹɯ ɫ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɨɣ ɞɨ 10…30 ɤȽɰ. ȼɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɨɦɹɝɤɢɯ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɢɯ ɦɚɥɨɣ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɣ ɚɧɢɡɨɬɪɨɩɢɟɣ ɢ ɦɚɥɨɣ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɨɫɬɪɢɤɰɢɟɣ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ (ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɫɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɝɪɚɧɢɰ ɢ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɧɚɦɚɝɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ) ɢ ɱɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɨ ɧɢɡɤɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɷɪɰɢɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɥɵ. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɭɡɤɨɣ ɩɟɬɥɟɣ ɝɢɫɬɟɪɟɡɢɫɚ ɢ ɦɚɥɵɦɢ ɩɨɬɟɪɹɦɢ.
ɂɡ ɩɪɟɰɢɡɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɨɦɹɝɤɢɯ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɦɚɥɥɨɢ. ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 6.5 ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɨɬ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ Fe–Ni-ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ. ȼɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ (ȝɧ ɢ ȝmax) ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɨɜ 39…65 % Ni (ɧɢɡɤɨɧɢɤɟɥɟɜɵɟ ɩɟɪɦɚɥɥɨɢ) ɢ 75…84,5 % Ni (ɜɵɫɨɤɨɧɢɤɟɥɟɜɵɟ ɩɟɪɦɚɥɥɨɢ). Ɂɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɧɢɤɟɥɟɜɵɟ ɩɟɪɦɚɥɥɨɢ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɦɟɧɶɲɢɦɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɢɧɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɹ, ɱɟɦ ɧɢɡɤɨɧɢɤɟɥɟɜɵɟ.
193
Ɋɢɫ. 6.5. ɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ Fe–Ni-ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ
Ɇɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɩɟɪɦɚɥɥɨɟɜ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵ ɤ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹɦ (ɧɚɤɥɟɩɭ), ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɭɯɭɞɲɚɸɬɫɹ ɢɯ ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ. Ʌɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ ɦɨɥɢɛɞɟɧɨɦ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬ ɢɯ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɤ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹɦ. Ɇɟɞɶ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɬ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɚɯ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɚ ɯɪɨɦ, ɤɪɟɦɧɢɣ, ɦɚɪɝɚɧɟɰ ɢ ɦɨɥɢɛɞɟɧ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɟɪɦɚɥɥɨɢ ɜ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɹɯ. Ɇɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɩɟɪɦɚɥɥɨɟɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɬɠɢɝɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɢ ɝɨɬɨɜɵɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ ɜ ɜɚɤɭɭɦɟ ɢɥɢ ɱɢɫɬɨɦ ɫɭɯɨɦ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɟ. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɬɟɪɦɨɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɨɦ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɦ ɩɨɥɟ, ɱɬɨ ɞɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ.
Ɇɚɪɤɢ ɩɪɟɰɢɡɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɜɭɡɧɚɱɧɵɦ ɱɢɫɥɨɦ (ɫɪɟɞɧɟɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɧɨɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ). Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɛɭɤɜɚ, ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɳɚɹ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬ: ɇ–Ni; Ʉ–Co; Ɇ–Mo; X– Cr; C–Si; Ⱦ–Cu; ɘ–Al; Ɏ–Va; Ƚ–Mn. Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɫɬɨɹɬ ɰɢɮɪɚ, ɨɛɨɡɧɚ-
ɱɚɸɳɚɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɥɟɝɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɢ, ɢ ɛɭɤɜɚ, ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɳɚɹ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɭ. Ȼɭɤɜɚ Ⱥ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɦɚɪɤɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɫɩɥɚɜɚ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɫɭɠɟɧɧɵɟ (ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɱɧɵɟ) ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ. Ȼɭɤɜɚ ɉ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɫɩɥɚɜ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɹɦɨɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɟɬɥɟɣ ɝɢɫɬɟɪɟɡɢɫɚ.
194
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɰɢɡɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 6.6.
|
|
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 6.6 |
|
|
|
ɉɪɟɰɢɡɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɩɥɚɜɵ |
|
|
|
|
|
Ƚɪɭɩɩɚ |
Ɇɚɪɤɚ ɫɩɥɚɜɚ* |
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ |
|
|
79ɇɆ, 80ɇɏɋ, |
ɇɚɢɜɵɫɲɚɹ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɫɥɚɛɵɯ ɩɨ- |
|
1 |
ɥɹɯ. Ⱦɥɹ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɦɚɥɨɝɚɛɚɪɢɬɧɵɯ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚ- |
||
|
81ɇɆȺ, 83ɇɎ |
ɬɨɪɨɜ, ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɟɣ, ɪɟɥɟ, ɞɥɹ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɯ ɷɤɪɚɧɨɜ |
|
|
|
ȼɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɟ |
|
2 |
50ɇɏɋ |
ɭɞɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ. Ⱦɥɹ ɫɟɪɞɟɱ- |
|
ɧɢɤɨɜ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɧɵɯ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɭɪɵ |
|||
|
|
||
|
|
ɫɜɹɡɢ ɡɜɭɤɨɜɨɣ ɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɨɬ |
|
|
|
ɉɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɚɹ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ |
|
3 |
45ɇ, 50ɇ |
ɢɧɞɭɤɰɢɹ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɹ (ɞɨ 1,6 Ɍɥ). Ⱦɥɹ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɢɤɨɜ |
|
ɦɚɥɨɝɚɛɚɪɢɬɧɵɯ ɫɢɥɨɜɵɯ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɨɜ, ɞɪɨɫɫɟ- |
|||
|
|
||
|
|
ɥɟɣ, ɪɟɥɟ |
|
|
50ɇɉ, 68ɇɆɉ, |
ɉɪɹɦɨɭɝɨɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɟɬɥɹ ɝɢɫɬɟɪɟɡɢɫɚ. ɋɩɥɚɜɵ ɨɛɥɚɞɚ- |
|
4 |
34ɇɄɆɉ, |
ɸɬ ɚɧɢɡɨɬɪɨɩɢɟɣ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ. Ⱦɥɹ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɢ- |
|
79ɇɆɉ, |
ɤɨɜ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɯ ɭɫɢɥɢɬɟɥɟɣ, ɤɨɦɦɭɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɞɪɨɫ- |
||
|
|||
|
77ɇɆȾɉ |
ɫɟɥɟɣ ɜɵɩɪɹɦɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ |
|
|
27Ʉɏ, |
ȼɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɣ ɢɧɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨ- |
|
|
ɝɨ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɹ (2,35 Ɍɥ) ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ Ʉɸɪɢ (950 ºɋ). |
||
5 |
49Ʉɏ, |
Ⱦɥɹ ɪɨɬɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɫɬɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɚɲɢɧ, ɪɚɛɨ- |
|
49Ʉ2Ɏ, |
ɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ ɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ |
||
|
|||
|
49Ʉ2ɎȺ |
ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚɯ; ɞɥɹ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɢ ɩɨɥɸɫɧɵɯ ɧɚɤɨɧɟɱɧɢ- |
|
|
|
ɤɨɜ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɨɜ |
|
|
|
ɇɢɡɤɚɹ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɢɧɞɭɤɰɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɫɬɜɨ ɦɚɝɧɢɬ- |
|
6 |
47ɇɄ |
ɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɦ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɟ ɩɨɥɟɣ. |
|
|
|
Ɇɚɝɧɢɬɧɚɹ ɬɟɤɫɬɭɪɚ |
|
7 |
68ɇɆ |
ȼɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɨɞɧɨɩɨɥɹɪɧɨɦ |
|
ɧɚɦɚɝɧɢɱɢɜɚɧɢɢ. Ⱥɧɢɡɨɬɪɨɩɢɹɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɯɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ |
|||
|
|
||
8 |
16ɏ |
ȼɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɣɧɚɹ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ |
* Ȼɭɤɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ: ɇ – ɧɢɤɟɥɶ; ɋ – ɤɪɟɦɧɢɣ; ɏ – ɯɪɨɦ; Ɇ – ɦɨɥɢɛɞɟɧ; Ⱦ – ɦɟɞɶ; Ɏ – ɜɚɧɚɞɢɣ; Ⱥ – ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ; ɉ – ɩɪɹɦɨɭɝɨɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɟɬɥɹ ɝɢɫɬɟɪɟɡɢɫɚ.
ɉɟɪɦɚɥɥɨɢ ɢɡɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɤɚɬɚɧɵɯ ɥɟɧɬ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɨɣ 0,005…2,5 ɦɦ, ɝɨɪɹɱɟɤɚɬɚɧɵɯ ɥɢɫɬɨɜ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɨɣ 3…22 ɦɦ, ɝɨɪɹɱɟɤɚɬɚɧɵɯ ɩɪɭɬɤɨɜ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ 8...100 ɦɦ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɦɢ.
ȼ ɬɚɛɥ. 6.7 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɥɟɧɬ ɢ ɥɢɫɬɨɜ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɨɣ ɦɚɪɤɢ 79ɇɆ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ.
195
|
|
ɉɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɹ ɢɡ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ ɦɚɪɤɢ 79ɇɆ |
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 6.7 |
||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|
|
|
ȼɢɞ |
Ɍɨɥ- |
ɇɚɱɚɥɶɧɚɹ |
Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ |
Ʉɨɷɪɰɢɬɢɜɧɚɹ |
ɂɧɞɭɤɰɢɹ |
ɩɪɨɞɭɤ- |
ɳɢɧɚ, |
ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɚɹ |
ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɚɹ |
ɫɢɥɚ, Ⱥ/ɦ |
ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ |
ɰɢɢ |
ɦɦ |
ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ |
ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ |
(ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ) |
ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɹ, |
Ɍɥ (ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ) |
|||||
|
0,005 |
7000 |
30 000 |
8,0 |
|
ɏɨɥɨɞɧɨ- |
0,01 |
14 000 |
60 000 |
5,6 |
|
0,02 |
16 000 |
70 000 |
4,0 |
|
|
ɤɚɬɚɧɵɟ |
0,05 |
16 000 |
90 000 |
3,2 |
|
ɥɟɧɬɵ |
0,08 |
|
|||
|
|
|
|
||
|
0,10 |
20 000 |
120 000 |
2,4 |
|
|
0,15 |
|
|||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0,20 |
22 000 |
130 000 |
1,6 |
0,75 |
|
0,25 |
||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
ɏɨɥɨɞɧɨ- |
0,35 |
|
|
|
|
ɤɚɬɚɧɵɟ |
0,50 |
25 000 |
150 000 |
1,6 |
|
ɥɟɧɬɵ |
0,80 |
|
|
|
|
ɢ ɥɢɫɬɵ |
1,0 |
|
|
|
|
1,5 |
22 000 |
130 000 |
1,6 |
|
|
|
|
||||
|
2,0 |
|
|||
|
2,5 |
|
|
|
|
ɋɩɥɚɜɵ Fe–Ni ɫ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɧɵɦ (~50 %) ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɧɢɤɟɥɹ ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɶɸ (ɧɨ ɧɢɠɟ, ɱɟɦ ɭ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɧɢɤɟɥɟɜɵɯ) ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɢɧɞɭɤɰɢɟɣ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɹ. ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɫɩɥɚɜɚ 50ɇ I ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 6.8.
|
|
ɉɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɹ ɢɡ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ ɦɚɪɤɢ 50ɇ |
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 6.8 |
|||
|
|
|
||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ɍɨɥ- |
ɇɚɱɚɥɶɧɚɹ |
Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ |
Ʉɨɷɪɰɢ- |
ɂɧɞɭɤɰɢɹ |
|
ȼɢɞ |
ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɚɹ |
ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɚɹ |
ɬɢɜɧɚɹ |
|||
ɳɢɧɚ |
ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ |
|||||
ɩɪɨɞɭɤ- |
ɩɪɨɧɢ- |
ɩɪɨɧɢ- |
ɫɢɥɚ |
|||
ɰɢɢ |
ɥɟɧɬɵ, |
ɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ |
ɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ |
Hc, Ⱥ/ɦ |
ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɹ, |
|
|
ɦɦ |
(ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ) |
(ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ) |
(ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ) |
Ɍɥ (ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ) |
|
|
0,05 |
2000 |
20 000 |
20 |
|
|
|
0.08 |
|
||||
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
0,1 |
2300 |
25 000 |
16 |
|
|
|
0,15 |
|
||||
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
0,20 |
2600 |
30 000 |
12 |
|
|
ɏɨɥɨɞɧɨ- |
0,25 |
|
||||
0,27 |
|
|
|
|
||
ɤɚɬɚɧɵɟ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0,35 |
|
|
|
|
||
ɥɟɧɬɵ |
3000 |
35 000 |
10 |
1,50 |
||
|
0,50 |
|
|
|
||
|
0,80 |
3000 |
30 000 |
12 |
|
|
|
1,0 |
|
||||
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
1,5 |
2800 |
25 000 |
13 |
|
|
|
2,0 |
|
||||
|
2,5 |
|
|
|
|
|
Ƚɨɪɹɱɟ- |
3…22 |
2500 |
20 000 |
24 |
|
|
ɤɚɬɚɧɵɟ |
|
|||||
ɥɢɫɬɵ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
196
ɋɩɥɚɜɵ ɫ ɩɪɹɦɨɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɟɬɥɟɣ ɝɢɫɬɟɪɟɡɢɫɚ (ɉɉȽ) ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɣ ɬɟɤɫɬɭɪɨɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɨɫɨɛɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɤɚɬɤɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ. Ʉɭɛɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɬɟɤɫɬɭɪɚ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɞɜɭɯ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɯ ɜ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɢ ɥɢɫɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɥɟɧɬɵ (ɜɞɨɥɶ ɢ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɤ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɤɚɬɤɢ). ɉɪɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɚɹ ɬɟɤɫɬɭɪɚ. ɉɪɢ ɬɟɪɦɨɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɨɦ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɦ ɩɨɥɟ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɩɥɚɜɚɯ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɢɧɞɭɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɨɞɧɨɨɫɧɚɹ ɚɧɢɡɨɬɪɨɩɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɦɚɝɧɢɱɢɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɜ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɹ ɩɪɹɦɨɭɝɨɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɟɬɥɸ ɝɢɫɬɟɪɟɡɢɫɚ. ɉɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɯ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ ɫ ɉɉȽ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 6.9.
|
|
|
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 6.9 |
|
|
ɉɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɯ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ ɫ ɉɉȽ |
|||
|
|
|
|
|
Ɇɚɪɤɚ |
Ʉɨɷɪɰɢɬɢɜɧɚɹ |
Ɉɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɚɹ |
Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ |
|
ɫɢɥɚ, Ⱥ/ɦ, |
ɢɧɞɭɤɰɢɹ, Ɍɥ, |
ɩɪɹɦɨɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ |
||
ɫɩɥɚɜɚ |
||||
ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ |
ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ |
ɜ ɩɨɥɟ 5ɇɫ, ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ |
||
|
||||
79ɇɆɉ |
9,6 |
0,6 |
0,90 |
|
77ɇɆȾɉ |
7,2 |
0,5 |
0,90 |
|
Fe–Co-ɫɩɥɚɜɵ (ɩɟɪɦɟɧɞɸɪɵ), ɤɚɤ ɭɠɟ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥɨɫɶ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɫɩɥɚɜɚɦ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɢɧɞɭɤɰɢɟɣ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɹ. Ɍɢɩɢɱɧɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɞɜɭɯ ɦɚɪɨɤ ɩɟɪɦɟɧɞɸɪɨɜ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 6.10.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 6.10 |
|
|
Ɍɢɩɢɱɧɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɩɟɪɦɟɧɞɸɪɨɜ |
|
||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
ɂɧɞɭɤɰɢɹ, Ɍɥ, |
Ʉɨɷɪɰɢ- |
Ɇɚɤɫɢ- |
|||
Ɇɚɪɤɚ |
ȼɢɞ |
Ɍɨɥ- |
ɩɪɢ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ |
ɬɢɜɧɚɹ |
ɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ |
|||
ɩɪɨɞɭɤ- |
ɳɢɧɚ, |
ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɹ, |
ɫɢɥɚ, |
ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɚɹ |
||||
ɫɩɥɚɜɚ |
||||||||
ɰɢɢ |
ɦɦ |
|
Ⱥ/ɫɦ |
Ⱥ/ɦ |
ɩɪɨɧɢ- |
|||
|
|
|||||||
|
|
|
25 |
|
150 |
(ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ) |
ɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ |
|
27Ʉɏ |
ɏɨɥɨɞɧɨɤɚ- |
0,2 |
1,8 |
|
2,15 |
– |
– |
|
ɬɚɧɵɟ ɥɢɫɬɵ |
0,35 |
|
||||||
|
ɢ ɥɟɧɬɵ |
0,7 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
49Ʉ2ɎȺ |
Ʌɟɧɬɵ |
0,1 |
2,2 |
|
– |
140 |
5500 |
|
ɢ ɥɢɫɬɵ |
0,2 |
|
120 |
5500 |
||||
|
|
|
|
|||||
ɂɡ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɟɪɦɟɧɞɸɪɵ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɪɟɤɨɪɞɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɧɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɹ BS ɜ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɹɯ ɫ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧ-
ɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɞɨ 15 ɤȺ/ɦ. ɂɯ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɦɭ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ.
197
Ⱥɦɨɪɮɧɵɟ ɢ ɧɚɧɨɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɩɥɚɜɵ
ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɚɦɨɪɮɧɵɯ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɡɚɦɨɪɨɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ ɜ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɚɬɨɦɨɜ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɛɥɢɠɧɢɣ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɹɯ ~ 1…1,5 ɧɦ. ɉɪɨɫɬɟɣɲɢɣ ɛɥɢɠɧɢɣ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɚɬɨɦɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɱɚɳɟ, ɱɟɦ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ. Ɉɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ ɧɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɚɬɨɦɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɟɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɨɜ Ɇɢɥɥɟɪɚ). ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɚɦɨɪɮɧɨɟ ɬɟɥɨ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɦɚɤɪɨɫɤɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɡɨɬɪɨɩɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɚɬɨɦɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɭɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɟɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ (ɎɊɊ) ɚɬɨɦɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɉɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɚɬɨɦɧɭɸ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɬɨɦɚ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɨɩɵɬɨɜ ɩɨ ɞɢɮɪɚɤɰɢɢ ɪɟɧɬɝɟɧɨɜɫɤɢɯ ɥɭɱɟɣ, ɧɟɣɬɪɨɧɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɜ ɫ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ. Ɉɤɚɡɚɥɨɫɶ, ɱɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɚɦɨɪɮɧɵɯ ɬɟɥ (ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɜɢɞɚ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɢ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɚ) ɎɊɊ ɜɵɝɥɹɞɹɬ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɨ, ɧɨ ɜɫɟ ɠɟ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɎɊɊ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɶɸ ɚɦɨɪɮɧɵɯ ɬɟɥ ɢ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɣ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɨɣ ɭɩɚɤɨɜɤɢ ɠɟɫɬɤɢɯ ɫɮɟɪ (ɦɨɞɟɥɶ Ȼɟɪɧɚɥɚ). ȼ ɷɬɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɠɟɫɬɤɢɦɢ ɫɮɟɪɚɦɢ, ɩɥɨɬɧɨ ɫɨɩɪɢɤɚɫɚɸɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɞɪɭɝ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɤɚɠɞɚɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɚɹ ɫɮɟɪɚ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɢɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɮɟɪɚɦɢ, ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɹɬɶɸ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɚɦɢ ɫɮɟɪɵ.
Ʉɚɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɵ, ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɹɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɚɦɨɪɮɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɜɵɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɫɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ (ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ) ɚɬɨɦɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɬ. ɟ. ɚɦɨɪɮɧɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɦɟɬɚɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɟ, «ɡɚɦɨɪɨɠɟɧɧɨɟ» ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɪɟɥɚɤɫɚɰɢɢ.
ɂɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɤ ɚɦɨɪɮɧɨɦɭ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɸ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɜɵɡɜɚɧ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɨɬɥɢɱɧɵ ɨɬ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɜ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ. Ɍɚɤ, ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɜ ɚɦɨɪɮɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɚɡ ɩɪɨɱɧɟɟ, ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɟɝɨ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ ɤ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɢ, ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.
198
ȼ 1960 ɝ. Ⱥ. ɂ. Ƚɭɛɚɧɨɜ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɣ ɭɩɨɪɹɞɨɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɚɦɨɪɮɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚɯ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɟɪɪɨɦɚɝɧɟɬɢɤɨɜ ɜ ɚɦɨɪɮɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɧɢɡɤɢɦɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɦɢ. Ɍɚɤ, Fe ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɢɡ ɚɦɨɪɮɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ 4 Ʉ; Ni – ɩɪɢ Ɍ < 4 Ʉ; ɋɨ – ɩɪɢ 38 Ʉ. Ⱦɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɢɟ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɵ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɜɵɫɢɬɶ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɫɩɥɚɜɚɯ ɬɢɩɚ «ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɵɣ ɦɟɬɚɥɥ – ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɢɞ» (ɉɆ–Ɇ) ɩɪɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɢɞɚ 15…25 % (Ɋ, ȼ, Si, ɋ, Ge ɢ ɞɪ.) ɢɥɢ ɜ ɫɩɥɚɜɚɯ – «ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɵɣ ɦɟɬɚɥɥ – ɪɟɞɤɨɡɟɦɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɦɟɬɚɥɥ» (Gd, Ho, Tb, Y ɢ ɞɪ.) (ɉɆ– ɊɆ). Ⱥɬɨɦɵ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɢɞɨɜ ɢ ɪɟɞɤɨɡɟɦɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɸ ɚɬɨɦɨɜ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɢ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɬ ɚɦɨɪɮɧɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ*. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɚɦɨɪɮɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɚɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɪɟɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɲɟ.
ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɚɦɨɪɮɧɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɛɥɢɡɤɨ ɩɨ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɢɡɨɬɪɨɩɧɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ, ɬɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɫɜɟɪɯɛɵɫɬɪɨɦ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɚɦɨɪɮɧɵɯ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɯ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ (ȺɆɋ) ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ~ 105…106 Ʉ/ɫ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɯ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɯɨɬɹ ɛɵ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ: ɤɧɢɦɦɨɠɧɨɨɬɧɟɫɬɢɩɨɪɨɲɨɤ, ɩɪɨɜɨɥɨɤɭɢɥɢɥɟɧɬɭ.
ȼ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ ɫ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ** ɜ ɚɦɨɪɮɧɵɯ ɫɩɥɚɜɚɯ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɫɧɨ «ɭɠɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ» ɜɫɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ. ɉɪɢ ɫɜɟɪɯɛɵɫɬɪɨɦ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɫɩɥɚɜ ɡɚɬɜɟɪɞɟɜɚɟɬ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɱɟɦ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ-ɚɧɬɚɝɨɧɢɫɬɵ ɭɫɩɟɜɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɹɜɢɬɶ ɫɜɨɣ ɚɧɬɚɝɨɧɢɡɦ. ɗɬɨ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɲɢɪɨɱɚɣɲɢɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɢɫɤɚ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɣ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ.
Ⱥɦɨɪɮɧɵɟ ɫɩɥɚɜɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɟɤɨɥ. Ɇɚɝɧɢɬɨɦɹɝɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɟɤɨɥ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɢɫɶ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɢ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɟɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɩɟɪɦɚɥɥɨɟɜ.
*Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ, ɟɫɥɢ ɢɯ ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ ɚɬɨɦɨɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ.
**ȼ ɢɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɟɫɬɶ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɚɧɬɚɝɨɧɢɡɦɨɦ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜɧɚɷɬɚɩɟɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ.
199
Ɍɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɋɉɛȽɗɌɍ "ɅɗɌɂ" ɢɦ. ȼ.ɂ. ɍɥɶɹɧɨɜɚ (Ʌɟɧɢɧɚ)
Ⱦɥɹ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɚɦɨɪɮɧɵɯ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɨɦɹɝɤɢɯ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɥɟɧɬ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɧɨɫɢɬ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɡɚɤɚɥɤɚ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɚ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧ ɩɨ-ɪɚɡɧɨɦɭ, ɧɨ ɱɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɢ ɜ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ, ɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɤɚɥɤɚ ɧɚ ɜɪɚɳɚɸɳɟɦɫɹ ɞɢɫɤɟ (ɪɢɫ. 6.6).
Ɋɢɫ. 6.6. Ɂɚɤɚɥɤɚ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɜɪɚɳɚɸɳɟɦɫɹ ɞɢɫɤɟ
Ʉɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ ɫɩɥɚɜɚ ɜ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɣ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɢ ɡɚɝɪɭɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɥɚɜɢɥɶɧɭɸ ɤɚɦɟɪɭ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɢɧɞɭɤɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ. Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜ ɜɵɞɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɠɚɬɵɦ ɝɚɡɨɦ (ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɚɡɨɬɨɦ) ɱɟɪɟɡ ɮɨɪɦɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɭɸ ɮɢɥɶɟɪɭ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɭɸ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ~ 0,2 ɦɦ ɨɬ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɪɚɳɚɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɞɢɫɤɚ, ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ. ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɞɢɫɤɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ~ 2000 ɨɛ/ɦɢɧ. ɋɬɪɭɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɩɪɢɤɨɫɧɨɜɟɧɢɢ ɫ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɞɢɫɤɚ ɦɝɧɨɜɟɧɧɨ ɡɚɬɜɟɪɞɟɜɚɟɬ, ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɹ ɥɟɧɬɭ, ɲɢɪɢɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɦ ɮɢɥɶɟɪɵ (ɨɛɵɱɧɨ 1…50 ɦɦ) ɫ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɨɣ ɞɨ 100 ɦɤɦ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɥɫɬɵɟ ɚɦɨɪɮɧɵɟ ɥɟɧɬɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɧɟ ɭɞɚɟɬɫɹ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɟ ɫɥɨɢ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɚ, ɧɟ ɫɨɩɪɢɤɚɫɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɧɚɩɪɹɦɭɸ ɫ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɞɢɫɤɚ, ɢɦɟɸɬ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɭɸ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ. Ɉɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɚɦɢ ɥɟɧɬɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ 20…40 ɦɤɦ.
200