ʈʤʡʲʠʤ ʚʡʵ ʧʨʩʚʛʣʨʤʘ ʇʅʗɹʓʈʉ "ʁʓʈɾ" ʞʢ. ɸ.ɾ. ʉʡʲʵʣʤʘʖ (ʁʛʣʞʣʖ)
ɆɂɇɂɋɌȿɊɋɌȼɈ ɈȻɊȺɁɈȼȺɇɂə ɂ ɇȺɍɄɂ ɊɈɋɋɂɃɋɄɈɃ ɎȿȾȿɊȺɐɂɂ
ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝɫɤɢɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ «ɅɗɌɂ»
Ʉ. Ƚ. ȽȺɊȿȿȼ ȼ. ɉ. ɆɂɊɈɒɄɂɇ
ɎɂɁɂɑȿɋɄɂȿ ɈɋɇɈȼɕ ɆȺȽɇɂɌɇɕɏ ɆȺɌȿɊɂȺɅɈȼ
ɉɨɞ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɪɟɞɚɤɰɢɟɣ ȼ. ɉ. Ɇɢɪɨɲɤɢɧɚ
ɍɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ
Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɨɜɚɧɨ ɭɱɟɛɧɨ-ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɭɡɨɜ ɊɎ ɩɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɪɚɞɢɨɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ, ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɢɤɢ, ɛɢɨɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ ɢ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ, ɨɛɭɱɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɩɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɦ
210100 (11.03.04) «ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɧɚɧɨɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɢɤɚ» ɢ 222900 (28.03.01) «ɇɚɧɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ ɦɢɤɪɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɚɹ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɚ»
ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ
2014
Ɍɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɋɉɛȽɗɌɍ "ɅɗɌɂ" ɢɦ. ȼ.ɂ. ɍɥɶɹɧɨɜɚ (Ʌɟɧɢɧɚ)
ɍȾɄ 537.622(075) ȻȻɄ ȼ373.3ɹ7
Ƚ20
Ƚɚɪɟɟɜ Ʉ. Ƚ., Ɇɢɪɨɲɤɢɧ ȼ. ɉ.
Ƚ20 Ɏɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ: ɭɱɟɛ. ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ / ɩɨɞ ɨɛɳ. ɪɟɞ. ȼ. ɉ. Ɇɢɪɨɲɤɢɧɚ; ɋɉɛȽɗɌɍ «ɅɗɌɂ». ɋɉɛ., 2014. 408 ɫ.
ISBN
ɍɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɞɜɭɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ: ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɟ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ.
ȼ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɚɬɨɦɧɵɣ ɦɚɝɧɟɬɢɡɦ, ɜɢɞɵ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɨɪɹɞɨɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɢɯ ɧɚɦɚɝɧɢɱɢɜɚɧɢɹ.
ȼɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ɉɫɨɛɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɭɞɟɥɟɧɨ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɯ ɧɚɧɨɱɚɫɬɢɰ, ɧɚɧɨɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɵɯ ɩɥɟɧɨɤ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɵɯ ɧɚɧɨɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ.
ɉɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɜɭɡɨɜ ɩɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɦ 210100 (11.03.04) «ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɧɚɧɨɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɢɤɚ» ɢ 222900 (28.03.01) «ɇɚɧɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ ɦɢɤɪɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɚɹ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɚ».
ɍȾɄ 537.622(075) ȻȻɄ ȼ373.3ɹ7
Ɋɟɰɟɧɡɟɧɬɵ: ɤɚɧɞ. ɬɟɯɧ. ɧɚɭɤ, ɞɨɰ. ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɢɡ- ɦɟɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɋɉɛȽɗɌɍ «ɅɗɌɂ» ȿ. Ƚ. Ȼɢɲɚɪɞ; ɈȺɈ «Ɂɚɜɨɞ „Ɇɚɝɧɟɬɨɧ“».
ISBN |
ɋɉɛȽɗɌɍ «ɅɗɌɂ», 2014 |
2
Ɍɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɋɉɛȽɗɌɍ "ɅɗɌɂ" ɢɦ. ȼ.ɂ. ɍɥɶɹɧɨɜɚ (Ʌɟɧɢɧɚ)
Ɉɝɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ |
|
ɉɊȿȾɂɋɅɈȼɂȿ................................................................................................ |
6 |
ɑɚɫɬɶ I. ɆȺȽɇɂɌɇɕȿ əȼɅȿɇɂə........................................... |
8 |
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 1. ɆȺȽɇɂɌɇɕȿ ɋȼɈɃɋɌȼȺ ɗɅȿɄɌɊɈɇȺ |
|
ɂ ɗɅȿɄɌɊɈɇɇɈɃ ɈȻɈɅɈɑɄɂ ȺɌɈɆȺ..................................... |
10 |
1.1. Ɉɪɛɢɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɵ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɚ |
|
ɜ ɩɥɚɧɟɬɚɪɧɵɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɹɯ ɚɬɨɦɚ........................................................ |
10 |
1.2. ɗɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɜɵɜɨɞɨɜ |
|
ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɩɥɚɧɟɬɚɪɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɚɬɨɦɚ ............................................. |
15 |
1.3. ɋɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɚ. ɋɩɢɧ...................... |
18 |
1.4. ȼɟɤɬɨɪɧɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɚɬɨɦɚ............................................. |
20 |
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɤ ɝɥɚɜɟ 1..................................................................... |
25 |
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 2. ɈɋɇɈȼɇɕȿ ȼɂȾɕ ɆȺȽɇɂɌɇɈȽɈ |
|
ɋɈɋɌɈəɇɂə ȼȿɓȿɋɌȼȺ ............................................................ |
26 |
2.1. Ɏɟɧɨɦɟɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɦ |
|
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ. ȿɞɢɧɢɰɵ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɯ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ ..................... |
26 |
2.2. Ⱦɢɚɦɚɝɧɟɬɢɡɦ................................................................................... |
33 |
2.3. ɉɚɪɚɦɚɝɧɟɬɢɡɦ................................................................................. |
37 |
2.4. Ɏɟɪɪɨɦɚɝɧɟɬɢɡɦ .............................................................................. |
44 |
2.5. Ⱥɧɬɢɮɟɪɪɨɦɚɝɧɟɬɢɡɦ...................................................................... |
63 |
2.6. Ɏɟɪɪɢɦɚɝɧɟɬɢɡɦ .............................................................................. |
66 |
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɤ ɝɥɚɜɟ 2..................................................................... |
73 |
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 3. ɗɇȿɊȽɂə ɎȿɊɊɈɆȺȽɇɂɌɇɈȽɈ ɋɈɋɌɈəɇɂə. |
|
ȾɈɆȿɇɇɕȿ ɋɌɊɍɄɌɍɊɕ ........................................................... |
75 |
3.1. ɗɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ |
|
ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɣ ɚɧɢɡɨɬɪɨɩɢɢ.................................................................. |
76 |
3.2. ɗɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɨɫɬɪɢɤɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ............................... |
80 |
3.3. Ɇɚɝɧɢɬɨɭɩɪɭɝɚɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ................................................................. |
84 |
3.4. Ɇɚɝɧɢɬɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɚɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ.................................... |
85 |
3.5. Ɋɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɦɚɝɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ |
|
ɜ ɮɟɪɪɨɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɦ ɬɟɥɟ................................................................... |
86 |
3.6. ɉɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɞɨɦɟɧɨɜ ...................................... |
88 |
3.7. ɐɢɥɢɧɞɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɟ ɞɨɦɟɧɵ ............................................ |
98 |
3.8. Ɇɟɬɨɞɵ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɞɨɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ................................. |
104 |
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɤ ɝɥɚɜɟ 3................................................................... |
109 |
3
Ɍɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɋɉɛȽɗɌɍ "ɅɗɌɂ" ɢɦ. ȼ.ɂ. ɍɥɶɹɧɨɜɚ (Ʌɟɧɢɧɚ)
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 4. ɇȺɆȺȽɇɂɑɂȼȺɇɂȿ ɋɂɅɖɇɈɆȺȽɇɂɌɇɕɏ |
|
ȼȿɓȿɋɌȼ....................................................................................... |
110 |
4.1. Ɇɚɤɪɨɫɤɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɮɟɪɪɨɦɚɝɧɟɬɢɤɨɜ.............. |
110 |
4.2. ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɧɚɦɚɝɧɢɱɢɜɚɧɢɹ........................................................... |
121 |
4.3. Ⱦɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɧɚɦɚɝɧɢɱɢɜɚɧɢɹ......................................... |
134 |
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɤ ɝɥɚɜɟ 4................................................................... |
146 |
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 5. ɆȺȽɇɂɌɇɕȿ ɊȿɁɈɇȺɇɋɇɕȿ ɗɎɎȿɄɌɕ |
|
ɂ ɂɏ ɂɋɉɈɅɖɁɈȼȺɇɂȿ............................................................. |
147 |
5.1. Ɇɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɚɬɨɦɧɵɯ ɹɞɟɪ ............................................. |
147 |
5.2. ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɢ ɹɞɟɪɧɵɣ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɟ ɪɟɡɨɧɚɧɫɵ......................... |
150 |
5.3. Ɏɟɪɪɨɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɣ ɪɟɡɨɧɚɧɫ ........................................................... |
154 |
5.4. əɞɟɪɧɵɣ ɝɚɦɦɚ-ɪɟɡɨɧɚɧɫ. ɗɮɮɟɤɬ Ɇɟɫɫɛɚɭɷɪɚ.......................... |
159 |
5.5. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɟɡɨɧɚɧɫɧɵɯ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɜ |
|
ɩɪɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ................................ |
165 |
5.6. əɆɊ-ɢɧɬɪɨɫɤɨɩɢɹ: ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨ-ɪɟɡɨɧɚɧɫɧɚɹ |
|
ɬɨɦɨ- ɢ ɚɧɝɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ..................................................................... |
169 |
5.7. Ɇɚɝɧɢɬɨɚɤɭɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɟɡɨɧɚɧɫ................................................... |
172 |
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɤ ɝɥɚɜɟ 5................................................................... |
178 |
ɑɚɫɬɶ II. ɆȺȽɇɂɌɇɕȿ ɆȺɌȿɊɂȺɅɕ ........................... |
179 |
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 6. ɆȺȽɇɂɌɈɆəȽɄɂȿ ɆȺɌȿɊɂȺɅɕ |
|
ȾɅə ɇɂɁɄɂɏ ɑȺɋɌɈɌ................................................................ |
180 |
6.1. Ɇɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɟɪɪɨɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ.............................. |
181 |
6.2. Ɇɟɬɨɞɵ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɹ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɨɦɹɝɤɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ |
|
ɞɥɹ ɧɢɡɤɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɨɬ.......................................................................... |
206 |
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɤ ɝɥɚɜɟ 6................................................................... |
209 |
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 7. ɆȺȽɇɂɌɈɆəȽɄɂȿ ɆȺɌȿɊɂȺɅɕ |
|
ȾɅə ȼɕɋɈɄɂɏ ɑȺɋɌɈɌ............................................................ |
210 |
7.1. Ɇɚɝɧɢɬɨɦɹɝɤɢɟ ɮɟɪɪɢɬɵ............................................................... |
210 |
7.2. ɇɚɧɨɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɮɟɪɪɢɬɨɜɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ |
|
ɢ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ............................................................. |
232 |
7.3. Ɇɚɝɧɢɬɨɞɢɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɤɢ..................................................................... |
235 |
7.4. Ɇɟɬɨɞɵ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɹ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɨɦɹɝɤɢɯ |
|
ɜɵɫɨɤɨɱɚɫɬɨɬɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ...................................................... |
241 |
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɤ ɝɥɚɜɟ 7................................................................... |
245 |
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 8. ɆȺȽɇɂɌɈɌȼȿɊȾɕȿ ɆȺɌȿɊɂȺɅɕ.......................................... |
246 |
8.1. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɨɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ................... |
246 |
4
Ɍɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɋɉɛȽɗɌɍ "ɅɗɌɂ" ɢɦ. ȼ.ɂ. ɍɥɶɹɧɨɜɚ (Ʌɟɧɢɧɚ)
8.2. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɨɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ.......................... |
251 |
8.3. Ɉɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɨɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ.................... |
271 |
8.4. ɂɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɟ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɨɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ..................................... |
274 |
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɤ ɝɥɚɜɟ 8................................................................... |
282 |
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 9. ɋɉȿɐɂȺɅɂɁɂɊɈȼȺɇɇɕȿ ɆȺȽɇɂɌɇɕȿ |
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ɆȺɌȿɊɂȺɅɕ................................................................................ |
283 |
9.1. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɫ ɩɪɹɦɨɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɟɬɥɟɣ ɝɢɫɬɟɪɟɡɢɫɚ ...................... |
283 |
9.2. Ɏɟɪɪɢɬɵ ɞɥɹ ɋȼɑ-ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ.................................................... |
290 |
9.3. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɞɥɹ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ |
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ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɯ ɞɨɦɟɧɨɜ....................................................................... |
303 |
9.4. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɞɥɹ ɬɟɪɦɨɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɣ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ ..................................... |
310 |
9.5. Ɇɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɟ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ................................................................... |
316 |
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɤ ɝɥɚɜɟ 9................................................................... |
335 |
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 10. ɇȺɇɈɋɌɊɍɄɌɍɊɂɊɈȼȺɇɇɕȿ |
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ɆȺȽɇɂɌɇɕȿ ɆȺɌȿɊɂȺɅɕ.................................................... |
337 |
10.1. Ɋɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɯ ɧɚɧɨɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ.................................. |
337 |
10.2. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢɧɚɧɨɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɵɯɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɯ ɩɥɟɧɨɤ........................ |
339 |
10.3. Ɇɚɝɧɢɬɨɪɟɡɢɫɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɵ |
|
ɢ ɧɚɧɨɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɥɟɧɨɱɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ |
|
ɫɩɢɧɬɪɨɧɢɤɢ ................................................................................ |
342 |
10.4. Ɇɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɟ ɧɚɧɨɧɢɬɢ ɢ ɢɝɨɥɶɱɚɬɵɟ ɧɚɧɨɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ.................... |
355 |
10.5. ɇɚɧɨɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ................................................................................ |
358 |
10.6. Ɉɛɴɟɦɧɵɟ ɧɚɧɨɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ........................................................... |
364 |
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɤ ɝɥɚɜɟ 10................................................................. |
368 |
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 11. ɆȺȽɇɂɌɇɕȿ ɇȺɇɈɑȺɋɌɂɐɕ: ɉɈɅɍɑȿɇɂȿ |
|
ɂ ɉɊȺɄɌɂɑȿɋɄɈȿ ɂɋɉɈɅɖɁɈȼȺɇɂȿ................................. |
369 |
11.1. Ɇɟɬɨɞɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɯ ɧɚɧɨɱɚɫɬɢɰ.............................. |
369 |
11.2. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɧɚɧɨɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ...... |
375 |
11.3. Ȼɢɨɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɯ ɧɚɧɨɱɚɫɬɢɰ............. |
384 |
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɤ ɝɥɚɜɟ 11................................................................. |
402 |
ɋɉɂɋɈɄ ɊȿɄɈɆȿɇȾɍȿɆɈɃ ɅɂɌȿɊȺɌɍɊɕ........................................ |
404 |
ɉȿɊȿɑȿɇɖ ɂɋɉɈɅɖɁɈȼȺɇɇɕɏ ȽɈɋɌɨɜ.............................................. |
407 |
5
ɉɊȿȾɂɋɅɈȼɂȿ
ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɹ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɥɚ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɨ ɮɢɡɢɤɟ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɯ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦ. Ɉɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɥɭɱɲɢɯ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɱɟɛɧɢɤɨɜ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɛɵɥ ɢɡɞɚɧ ɜ 1986 ɝ. (ɉɪɟɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɫɤɢɣ Ⱥ. Ⱥ., Ȼɢɲɚɪɞ ȿ. Ƚ. «Ɇɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ»). Ⱥɧɝɥɨɹɡɵɱɧɚɹ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ (ɟɟ ɬɨɠɟ ɦɚɥɨ) ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɭɸ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɚɭɞɢɬɨɪɢɸ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɚ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ.
ȼ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɬɪɢ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɹ, ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɧɚɧɨɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɵɯ ɢ ɧɚɧɨɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɛɵɥɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵ ɝɢɝɚɧɬɫɤɢɣ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɨɪɟɡɢɫɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɬɭɧɧɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɢ ɝɢɝɚɧɬɫɤɢɣ ɬɭɧɧɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɨɪɟɡɢɫɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɈɁɍ ɢ ɉɁɍ ɫ ɱɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɵ ɋȼɑ-ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɢɤɢ. ɉɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɧɨɜɨɟ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ – ɫɩɢɧ-ɜɨɥɧɨɜɚɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɢɤɚ (ɫɩɢɧɬɪɨɧɢɤɚ) – ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɫɢɦɛɢɨɡɚ ɮɢɡɢɤɢ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɯ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɦɢɤɪɨ- ɢ ɧɚɧɨɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɢɤɢ. Ɋɚɛɨɬɚ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɩɢɧɬɪɨɧɢɤɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɪɹɞɚ, ɚ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɟ ɡɚɪɹɞɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɜ ɫ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɯ ɫɩɢɧɨɜɵɯ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɯ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɨɜ.
Ⱦɪɭɝɢɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɨɦ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɤɨɷɪɰɢɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɯ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɨɜ ɢɡ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɧɟɨɞɢɦɚ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ ɪɟɤɨɪɞɧɵɟ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ, ɜɚɠɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɢɡ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɨɦɹɝɤɢɯ ɧɚɧɨɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɯ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɟɣ ɜ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɟ. ȼɵɲɟɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɤɧɢɝɟ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɟɣ ɢɡ ɞɜɭɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ. ȼ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɚ ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ – ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɢ ɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ.
Ɉɛɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɬɟɯ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɵɯ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɚɜɬɨɪɵ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɨɛɪɚɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɤ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚɦ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɟ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɤɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɦɭ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɦɭ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɭ.
6
ɉɟɪɜɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɹ ɪɚɫɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɢ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɬɟɥ, ɨ ɜɢɞɚɯ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɨɪɹɞɨɱɟɧɢɹ, ɨ ɞɨɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ ɧɚɦɚɝɧɢɱɢɜɚɧɢɹ. ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɟ ɢɡ ɧɚɧɨɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚɧɨɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɵɟ ɩɥɟɧɤɢ, ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɦ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɢ, ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɸɬ ɨɫɬɚɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɦ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɦɵɟ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɵ ɢ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɤɚ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɥɢɲɶ ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ.
ȼɬɨɪɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɚ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ, ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɟɦɵɯ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚɦ ɢɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɨɜɵɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦ. ȼɚɠɧɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɱɬɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɜɨɫɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ. Ɇɚɪɤɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɢ ɢɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɜɵɦɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚɦɢ. ɗɬɚ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɚɦ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ.
ȼ ɝɥ. 10 ɢ 11 ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɵ ɧɚɧɨɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɵɟ ɢ ɧɚɧɨɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɯ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
Ⱥɜɬɨɪɵ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚɜɟɞɭɸɳɟɦɭ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɨɣ ɦɢɤɪɨ- ɢ ɧɚɧɨɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɢɤɢ ɋɉɛȽɗɌɍ «ɅɗɌɂ», ɞ-ɪɭ ɬɟɯɧ. ɧɚɭɤ, ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪɭ ȼ. ȼ. Ʌɭɱɢɧɢɧɭ ɡɚ ɰɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɤ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɭ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɪɭɤɨɩɢɫɢ.
Ⱥɜɬɨɪɵ ɢɫɤɪɟɧɧɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɬɟɥɶɧɵ ɞɨɰɟɧɬɭ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢ- ɨɧɧɨ-ɢɡɦɟɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɋɉɛȽɗɌɍ «ɅɗɌɂ» ȿ. Ƚ. Ȼɢɲɚɪɞ ɢ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪɭ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɢɤɢ ɇɂɍ «Ɇɂɋɢɋ» Ⱦ. Ƚ. Ʉɪɭɬɨɝɢɧɭ ɡɚ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɟ ɫɨɜɟɬɵ ɢ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɧɢɹ. ȼɫɟ ɨɧɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɭɱɬɟɧɵ ɩɪɢ ɞɨɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɪɭɤɨɩɢɫɢ.
7
ɑɚɫɬɶ I. ɆȺȽɇɂɌɇɕȿ əȼɅȿɇɂə
ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɭ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɨɜ ɢ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɢ ɢɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɭɯɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɭ ɜɟɤɨɜ. ȼ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɝɨ ɦɢɪɚ ɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɹ ɨ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɟ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɥɢɛɨ ɫ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɨɦɩɚɫɚ, ɥɢɛɨ ɫ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɵɦɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɚɦɢ.
ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɨɰɟɧɤɚɦ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɧɹɤ (ɦɚɝɧɟɬɢɬ) ɛɵɥ ɨɬɤɪɵɬ ɜ Ʉɢɬɚɟ ɜ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɨɦ ɬɵɫɹɱɟɥɟɬɢɢ ɞɨ ɧ. ɷ. ɉɟɪɜɵɟ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɥɟɬɨɩɢɫɹɯ ɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ ɢɡ ɦɚɝɧɟɬɢɬɚ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ, ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɬ. ɟ. ɩɪɚɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɹ ɤɨɦɩɚɫɚ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɦɭ ɬɵɫɹɱɟɥɟɬɢɸ ɞɨ ɧ. ɷ. Ʉɨɦɩɚɫ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɥɨɠɤɢ ɧɚ ɝɥɚɞɤɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ (ɥɨɠɤɚ, ɫɦɨɬɪɹɳɚɹ ɧɚ ɸɝ) ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɫɹ ɤɢɬɚɣɫɤɢɦɢ ɦɨɪɟɩɥɚɜɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɫ ɤɨɧɰɚ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɬɵɫɹɱɟɥɟɬɢɹ ɞɨ ɧ. ɷ. ɞɥɹ ɦɨɪɫɤɨɣ ɧɚɜɢɝɚɰɢɢ. ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ, ɩɟɪɜɨɟ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɟ ɨ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɦ ɤɨɦɩɚɫɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɧɨ ɥɢɲɶ ɜ VI ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ. ɷ. (ɨɧ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɫɹ ɜ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟ ɤɢɬɚɣɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɪɨɞɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɱɟɬɤɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɭɥɢɰ).
Ⱦɪɭɝɢɦ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɨɦ ɦɚɝɧɟɬɢɬɚ, ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɧɵɦ ɜ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɣ ɞɪɟɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɛɵɥɚ ɟɝɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɬɹɝɢɜɚɬɶ ɤ ɫɟɛɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɨ, ɡɚ ɱɬɨ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ ɨɧ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ «ɥɸɛɹɳɢɣ ɤɚɦɟɧɶ» ɩɨ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɢ ɫ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɦɚɬɟɪɶɸ ɢ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɨɦ, ɦɭɠɱɢɧɨɣ ɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɨɣ.
ɋɚɦɨ ɫɥɨɜɨɦɚɝɧɢɬ ɩɪɢɲɥɨɢɡɞɪɟɜɧɟɣȽɪɟɰɢɢ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵ ɞɜɟ ɜɟɪɫɢɢ ɟɝɨ ɥɢɧɝɜɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɪɧɹ. ɉɨ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɟɪɫɢɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɢ Ɇɚɝɧɢɫɢɹ ɞɨɛɵɜɚɥɫɹ ɤɚɦɟɧɶ, ɩɪɢɬɹɝɢɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɨ. ɉɨ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɜɟɪɫɢɢɭ ɩɚɫɬɭɯɚ Ɇɚɝɧɟɫɚ (Ɇɚɝɧɭɫɚ) ɝɜɨɡɞɢ ɧɚ ɨɛɭɜɢɢ ɧɚɤɨɧɟɱɧɢɤ ɩɨɫɨɯɚ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɪɢɬɹɧɭɬɵ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɱɟɪɧɵɦ ɤɚɦɧɟɦ ɧɚ ɩɚɫɬɛɢɳɟ. ȼ I ɜ. ɞɨ ɧ. ɷ. Ɍɢɬ Ʌɭɤɪɟɰɢɣ Ʉɚɪ ɜ ɫɨɱɢɧɟɧɢɢ «Ɉɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ ɜɟɳɟɣ» ɩɟɪɜɵɦ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɥ, ɱɬɨɦɚɝɧɢɬɵɦɨɝɭɬɨɬɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɬɶɫɹɞɪɭɝɨɬɞɪɭɝɚ.
ȼɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ ɤɨɦɩɚɫ ɤɚɤ ɧɚɜɢɝɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɛɨɪ ɛɵɥ ɭɩɨɦɹɧɭɬ ɜ 1187 ɝ. ɜ ɬɪɭɞɚɯ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɚ ɇɟɤɤɚɦɚ.
ɉɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɫɟ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɤ ɧɚɱɚɥɭ XVII ɜ. ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɚɯ ɛɵɥɢ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɍɢɥɶɹɦɨɦ Ƚɢɥɶɛɟɪɬɨɦ ɜ ɬɪɭɞɟ «De Magnete». Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɹ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɪɟɥɤɢ ɤɨɦɩɚɫɚ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɬɨɱɤɚɯ ɡɟɦɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɧ ɩɪɢɲɟɥ ɤ ɜɵɜɨɞɭ, ɱɬɨ Ɂɟɦɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɝɢɝɚɧɬɫɤɢɣ ɦɚɝɧɢɬ, ɯɨɬɹ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɦ ɫɢɥɚɦ ɩɪɢɩɢɫɵɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ.
8
ȼɤɨɧɰɟ XVIII ɜ. Ⱥ. Ȼɭɪɝɦɚɧɫ ɨɬɤɪɵɥ, ɱɬɨ ɫɥɚɛɨɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɬɨɠɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɢɬɹɝɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɢ ɨɬɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ. ɇɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦ – «ɞɢɚ- ɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɚɝɧɟɬɢɤɢ» – ɞɚɥ Ɇ. Ɏɚɪɚɞɟɣ ɜ 1845 ɝ.
Ɉɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɜɟɯ ɜ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɮɢɡɢɤɢ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɯ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɫɬɚɥ ɨɩɵɬ Ƚ. ɏ. ɗɪɫɬɟɞɚ ɩɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɸ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɢɤɚ ɫ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɧɚ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɭɸ ɫɬɪɟɥɤɭ (1820 ɝ.). ȼ ɬɨɦ ɠɟ ɝɨɞɭ Ⱥ.-Ɇ. Ⱥɦɩɟɪ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɤɚɬɭɲɤɚ ɫ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɚ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɭ. ɗɬɢ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɵ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɥɢ ɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɸ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɯ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ.
ȼ1831 ɝ. Ɇ. Ɏɚɪɚɞɟɣ ɨɬɤɪɵɥ ɡɚɤɨɧ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɣ ɢɧɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɜɜɟɥ ɬɟɪɦɢɧ «ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɟ». ȼ 1834 ɝ. ɗ. ɏ. Ʌɟɧɰ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɥ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɢɪɭɸɳɟɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɞɭɤɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɤɚ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫ ɧɢɦ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɹ (ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ Ʌɟɧɰɚ).
ɇɚɱɚɥɨ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɨ «Ɍɪɚɤɬɚɬɨɦ ɨɛ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɢ ɦɚɝɧɟɬɢɡɦɟ» Ⱦɠ. Ʉ. Ɇɚɤɫɜɟɥɥɚ (1873 ɝ.) ɢ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɟɦ Ƚ. Ɋ. Ƚɟɪɰɟɦ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɯ ɜɨɥɧ (1888 ɝ.), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɤɚɡɚɧɵ ɜ Ɍɪɚɤɬɚɬɟ.
ȼɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɹ ɫ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɥ ɏ. Ⱥ. Ʌɨɪɟɧɰ, ɫɨɡɞɚɜɲɢɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɭɸ ɬɟɨɪɢɸ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɥɚ ɦɚɤɫɜɟɥɥɨɜɫɤɭɸ ɬɟɨɪɢɸ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɨ ɞɢɫɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɪɹɞɚɯ ɤɚɤ ɨɛ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ (1892 ɝ.). ɂɡ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɥɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɨɥɹ ɫ ɞɜɢɠɭɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɡɚɪɹɞɚɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ, ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɯ ɢ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ. ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ Ʌɨɪɟɧɰ ɞɚɥ ɬɪɚɤɬɨɜɤɭ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɨɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɭ Ɏɚɪɚɞɟɹ, ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɦɭ ɜ 1845 ɝ., ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɭ Ɂɟɟɦɚɧɚ (ɪɚɫɳɟɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɥɢɧɢɣ ɜ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɦ ɩɨɥɟ). ɋɚɦɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɪɹɞɚ «ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧ» ɩɨɹɜɢɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ 1897– 1899 ɝɝ. (ɪɚɧɟɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɫɹ ɬɟɪɦɢɧ «ɢɨɧ»).
ȼ1905 ɝ. ɉ. Ʌɚɧɠɟɜɟɧ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɬɟɨɪɟɦɵ Ʌɚɪɦɨɪɚ ɢ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ Ʌɨɪɟɧɰɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɥ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɬɟɨɪɢɸ ɞɢɚ- ɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɚɝɧɟɬɢɡɦɚ.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɚ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɨ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɯ ɚɬɨɦɨɜ ɛɵɥɚ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɗ. Ɋɟɡɟɪɮɨɪɞɨɦ, ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɜɲɢɦ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ (ɩɥɚɧɟɬɚɪɧɭɸ) ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɚɬɨɦɚ.
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Ɍɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɋɉɛȽɗɌɍ "ɅɗɌɂ" ɢɦ. ȼ.ɂ. ɍɥɶɹɧɨɜɚ (Ʌɟɧɢɧɚ)
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 1. ɆȺȽɇɂɌɇɕȿ ɋȼɈɃɋɌȼȺ ɗɅȿɄɌɊɈɇȺ ɂ ɗɅȿɄɌɊɈɇɇɈɃ ɈȻɈɅɈɑɄɂ ȺɌɈɆȺ
1.1.Ɉɪɛɢɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɵ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɚ
ɜɩɥɚɧɟɬɚɪɧɵɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɹɯ ɚɬɨɦɚ
Ɇɨɞɟɥɶ Ɋɟɡɟɪɮɨɪɞɚ. ȼ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɚɬɨɦɚ, ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɗ. Ɋɟɡɟɪɮɨɪɞɨɦ ɜ 1911 ɝ., ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ (ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɟɣɲɟɝɨ ɚɬɨɦɚ – ɚɬɨɦɚ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ) ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧ ɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɹɞɪɚ ɩɨ ɤɪɭɝɨɜɨɣ ɨɪɛɢɬɟ ɪɚɞɢɭɫɚ r ɫ ɭɝɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ Ȧ. Ⱦɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɚ ɫ ɡɚɪɹɞɨɦ e ɦɨɠɧɨ ɬɪɚɤɬɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɬɨɤ,
ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɳɢɣ ɩɨ ɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɨɦɭ ɤɨɧɬɭɪɭ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶɸ S |
Sr2 . ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶ- |
|
ɬɚɬɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɨɪɛɢɬɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ: |
||
Pl |
iS eZr2 2 eZr2m 2m, |
(1.1) |
ɝɞɟ ɟ ɢ m – ɡɚɪɹɞ ɢ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɚ. |
|
|
Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ Zr2m |
p – ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɚ (ɦɨɦɟɧɬ |
|
|
l |
|
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ), ɬɨ(1.1) ɦɨɠɧɨɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɶɜɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦɜɢɞɟ:
Pl |
e 2m pl . |
(1.2) |
ɂɡ (1.2) ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ, ɱɬɨ Pl |
ɢ pl ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɜɟɤɬɨɪɵ, ɧɚ- |
|
ɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɨɬ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɢ ɨɪɛɢɬɵ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɚ. Ɉɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ
J |
l |
P |
l |
p e 2m |
(1.3) |
|
|
l |
|
ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɝɢɪɨɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɦ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟɦ, ɟɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɢ ɧɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɪɚɞɢɭɫɚ ɨɪɛɢɬɵ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɚ.
Ɇɨɞɟɥɶ Ɋɟɡɟɪɮɨɪɞɚ ɩɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɥɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɮɢɡɢɤɢ, ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɥɨ, ɱɬɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧ, ɞɜɢɝɚɹɫɶ ɩɨ ɨɪɛɢɬɟ ɫ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɫɬɪɟɦɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɭɫɤɨɪɟɧɢɟɦ, ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɢɡɥɭɱɚɬɶ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɸ, ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɚɹɫɶ ɤ ɹɞɪɭ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɚɬɨɦɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɦɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ.
ɉɨɥɭɤɜɚɧɬɨɜɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ Ȼɨɪɚ–Ɂɨɦɦɟɪɮɟɥɶɞɚ. ȼ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɤɥɚɫ-
ɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ Ɋɟɡɟɪɮɨɪɞɚ ɇɢɥɶɫ Ȼɨɪ ɜ 1913 ɝ. ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɥ, ɱɬɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɪɚɳɚɬɶɫɹ ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɹɞɪɚ ɧɟ ɩɨ ɨɪɛɢɬɚɦ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɭɫɚ (ɤɚɤ ɫɱɢɬɚɥ Ɋɟɡɟɪɮɨɪɞ), ɚ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨ ɬɟɦ ɨɪɛɢɬɚɦ, ɧɚ ɞɥɢɧɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɭɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɰɟɥɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɜɨɥɧ ɞɟ Ȼɪɨɣɥɹ:
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