Physiology TT @prince_kaznmu

the number of red blood cells reduction in alveolar ventilation

FACTORS DETERMINING SPEED OF GAS TRANSFER ACROSS THROUGH ALVEOLAR-CAPILLARY MEMBRANES

presence of carriers oxygen capacity of blood

the number of red blood cells gas solubility coefficient surface area of gas exchange reduction of alveolar ventilation

DUE THE NEGATIVE INTRAPLEURAL PRESSURE IS produced surfactant

slowed down the movement of lymph facilitates venous return

decrease of bronchial muscle tone facilitate of arterial blood return lungs are in stretched state

FACTORS DETERMINING VENTILATION respiratory rate

minute respiratory volume alveolar ventilation

minute ventilation depth of breathing breathing reserve

Continuity of food processing processes in various departments of GIT shows principle three-stage digestion

digestive conveyer purposeful action

phased process (step by step) reciprocity of departments of GIT

Substance, which is absent in saliva of newborns and infants mucin

amylase lysozyme chymosin maltase

Component of saliva, absent in person with difficult swallowing mucin

amylase

lysozyme maltase urea

Place where located center of unconditioned-reflex salivation cerebellum

spinal cord cerebral cortex hypothalamus medulla oblongata

Main enzymes of saliva chymosin and RNA-ase pepsin A and pepsin B lypase, phospholypase α-amylase and maltase

alkaline and acid phosphatases

"Burning" taste is occured during stimulation of receptors in the tongue tactile

chemical pain thermal taste

"Astringent" taste is occured during stimulation of receptors in the tongue tactile

chemical pain thermal taste

Substances, produced by main glandulocytes mucin

gastrin pepsinogens hydrochloric acid

Castle’s factor

Substance, produced by parietal (oxyntic) glandulocytes mucin

pepsin gastrin histamine

hydrochloric acid

Substance, produced by accessory glandulocytes pepsin

mucin gastrin histamine

hydrochloric acid

Enzyme of gastric juice, which has the highest activity in newborns and infants lipase

pepsin sucrase chymosin gastrixin

Phase of gastric acid secretion, studied in the experience of Heidenhain complex reflex phase

conditional reflex unconditional reflex mechanical-gastric humoral-intestinal

Functions studied in the experiment of Thiry-Vella transfer of chyme from stomach into duodenum motility and morphology of the intestine

motility and composition of intestinal juice motility of stomach and gastric secretion salivation

Gastric hyposecretion is possible at: increased production and release of histamine

reduction of the production and release of bombesin decrease of the production and release of gastrin decrease of the formation of enterogastron reduction of the secretion of cholecystokinin

Gastric hypersecretion is possible at:

increase of the production and release of gastrin an increase of production and release of gastron reduction of the production and release of motilin an increase of formation of enterogastron reduction of the secretion of cholecystokinin

Pancreatic hypersecretion is causes by excess of GIGs: gastrin and motilin

cholecystokinin and secretin bombesin and somatostatin

gastroinhibiting peptide and gastrin somatostatin and motilin

For hyperchlorhydria and increased secretory function of gastric glands is typical: reduction of pepsin activity

pyloric spasm intestinal hyperkinesis tendency to diarrhea gastric hypomotility

For hypochlorhydria and increased secretory function of gastric glands is typical: tendency to constipation

increasing of the activity of pepsin hiatus of pylorus

hyperkinesis of stomach hypokinesis of intestine

Type of muscle contraction of gastro-intestinal tract during vomiting rhythmic segmentation

antiperistaltic pendulum-like peristaltic tonic

Gastrointestinal hormone, which inhibits motility of stomach and evacuation of chyme into duodenum

serotonin secretin motilin insulin gastrin

Gastrointestinal hormone, which increases motility of stomach and evacuation of chyme into duodenum

cholecystokinin-pancreosimin vasoactive intestinal peptide gastric inhibitory peptide serotonin

secretin

Substance of duodenum juice, absence of which leads to low content of trypsin enzyme enterokinase

trypsinogen pepsinogen sucrase lipase

Gastrointestinal hormones that reduce the secretion of pancreatic juice: secretin, gastrin

serotonin, calcitonin glucagon, somatostatin

insulin, vasoactive intestinal peptide bombesin, pancreozymin-cholecystokinin

Gastrointestinal hormones that increase the secretion of pancreatic juice vasoactive intestinal peptide

gastric inhibitory peptide glucagon, prosecretin somatostatin, gastrin calcitonin, insulin secretin, bombesin

Substance, at whose decreased amount feces become uncolored stercobilinogen

mesobilinogen urobilinogen stercobilin urobilin

Mechanism of formation of conjugated bilirubin binding of bilirubin with glucuronic acid

action of hemoxidase on hem rupture of porphyrin ring loss of iron atom by hem oxidation of hem

Place of formation of bilirubin-glucuronide cells of kidneys

hepatocytes enterocytes cells of RES intestine

Gastrointestinal hormones, which increase bile secretion vasoactive intestinal peptide

pancreatic polypeptide secretin, biliary acids calcitonin, gastrin glucagon, bombesin

Gastrointestinal hormones, which inhibit bile secretion glucagon, calcitonin

gastrin, insulin biliary acids secretin, VIP bombesin, PP

Hormone which increases the flow of bile into the duodenum: cholecystokinin

enterogastron secretin motilin gastrin

Vitamin, which is synthesized in large intestine

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Evacuation of chyme from stomach into the duodenum is realized due: rhythmic segmentation

pendulum-like antiperistaltic tonic contractions peristalsic

To strengthen the intestinal peristalsis leads increased production of adrenaline and noradrenaline decrease of the excitability of the center n.vagus

increase of the excitability of receptors of the intestinal wall the constant use of the food poor in fiber

decrease production of gastrin and cholecystokinin-pancreozymin

What is listed factors mainly contributes to realization of defecation act mechanical and chemical irritation

parasympathetic nervous influence sympathetic nervous influence physiological starvation

low activity of enzymes

Received results of an analysis of juice without determination of enzymes: colorless liquid, the specific gravity is 1.001-1.002, value of pH = 6.2, organic substances (mucin, lysozyme), inorganic substances (phosphates, chlorides, sulfates).

Which juice is analyzed? bile

saliva intestinal gastric pancreatic

In the experiment at the dog with fistula of definite gland, whose duct prepared and shifted upon on the dog’s skin surface, was received liquid secret not containing mucus, value of pH was equal 6.8.

Which of listed gland ducts is shifted upon on the dog’s skin surface? submandibular

gall-bladder sublingual pancreatic parotid

A dog with a fistula of the salivary gland was irritated an efferent nervous fiber and was watched abundant secretion of saliva, rich by minerals and poor by organic matters.

Fiber of which nerve was irritated? n. facialis

n. trigeminus

n.vagus

n. chorda tympani n. glossopharyngeus

During removal of teeth was occur damage of oral mucosa, but bleeding quickly stopped and the wounds are heal.

What substance contributes of stopping of the bleeding? lipase

amylase lysozyme kinins opsonins

An animal’s department of the central nervous system was damaged in an experiment. As result of experiment is a lack of conditioned reflex of salivation.

Which department of CNS was damaged? cerebellum

hypothalamus spinal cord medulla oblongata cerebral cortex

Substance that is absent in organism of adult person with lesion of absorption of vitamin B12 mucin

pepsin gastrin

Castle’s factor hydrochloric acid

At experimental study of the enzymatic properties of gastric juice: fibrin is placed in a test tube with boiled gastric juice.

How is changed the state of the fibrin in 30-40 minutes? strongly swells

starts hydrolysis partially swells completely dissolved

is remained in its former state

The powerful stimulant of gastric glands secretion secretin

gastrin villikinin neurotensin somatostatin

Component of newborn’s saliva secreted by the salivary glands from 1.5 months of a child's life mucin

amylase chymosin maltase lysozyme

How can is explained the development of anemia in patients which have resection (partial removal) of stomach?

change of humoral regulation of gastric juice secretion decrease secretion of gastromucoproteid (Castle’s factor) partial damage of the vagus nerve

enhanced secretion of hydrochloric acid decrease of activity of G-cells

In dog operation by preparation of small stomach (pouch) have been done, that permits through the fistula collect pure gastric juice, to determine its quantity, acidity, digestive activity. How, using only natural physiological stimuli (food, feeding), can to determine that this operation is performed by Pavlov’s method?

there is will be absent cephalic phase

sharply was reduced mechanical gastric phase changed humoral -chemical intestinal phase changed humoral-chemical gastric phase

all phases of gastric secretion are observed

The dog with stomach fistula was given food. The gastric secretion is started after 40 minutes after taking meal and entering chyme into stomach. By which scientist’s method and which fistula operation was done?

”sham feeding” method by Pavlov small stomach by Heidenhain method by Thyri-Vella

small stomach by Pavlov gastric fistula by Basov

Factor that performs a leading role in the violation of evacuation ofchyme from the stomach into the duodenum

lipase pepsin gastrin secretin

hydrochloric acid

In tested person pH of chyme, which entered into the duodenum, was characterized by a very high content of HCL. As a result, digestion in the duodenum is slowed.

What is the cause of digestive disorders? conversion of chymotrypsinogen to chymotrypsin

destruction of the pancreatic enzymes by active pepsins conversion of pancreatic trypsinogen into trypsin violation of the lipid composition of chyme

high carbohydrate content in food

At study of the contents of the juice of the duodenum is revealed low level of the enterokinase enzyme.

Which process is breached? inactivation of trypsinogen activation of trypsinogen emulsification by lipase activation of pepsinogen inactivation of sucrase

In the duodenum pressure rose (due filling by chyme). What will happen? enhance of gastric juice secretion

strengthening of the small intestine motility entering of next portion of chyme from the stomach reflex of opening of the pyloric sphincter

reflex of closing of the pyloric sphincter

The process observed in humans at violation of evacuation of chyme from the stomach into the duodenum

violation of the pH medium of the stomach and duodenum high carbohydrate content in food

violation of the lipid composition of chyme violation of the protein composition of chyme use of monotonous vegetable food

In the experiment on a dog with a fistula of the small intestine by Thiry-Vella various humoral substances are introduced and recorded movements of intestine.

The substance, at which introduction was observed the inhibition of motor function cholecystokinin

acetylcholine adrenaline motilin gastrin

In experimental animals with intestinal fistula by means of fiber optics method during intensive digestion are recorded active movements of villi of intestine. As result length of villi are changed.

What is the reason?

contraction of smooth muscles during absorption contraction of smooth muscles at the secretion of juice contraction of circular muscle during peristalsis reduction of the longitudinal muscles during peristalsis contraction of muscle during propels the food mass

In experimental animal are removed intramural ganglia of intermuscular plexus of the small intestine. What violations occur in the functional activity of the intestine?

are broken the rhythm of peristaltic contractions rhythmic segmentation of bowels is stopped

propelling of food mass through the intestine is accelerated pendulum contractions are intensified

hypertonus of intestine is appeared

The starch was added in intestinal juice received during the experiment. Hydrolysis of starch is observed in tested tube. Into the same tube piece of small intestine is added. As result of experiment is observed that starch hydrolysis is increased 10 times.

What type of digestion occurs in a test tube? intracellular

autolytic parietal membranous symbiosis

In the I. Pavlov’s laboratory prolonged time dogs were fed the same food by composition and were observed adaptation of secreted quantity and enzymatic composition of juice to the predominant of nutrients in the diet.

What is the enzymatic composition of the juice will prevail in a dog at protein diet? an increase of lipases

increase of carbonic anhydrases