IAEA Nuclear Energy Series
No. NP-T-2.7
Project Management
in Nuclear Power
Plant Construction:
Guidelines and
Experience
Technical
Reports
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PROJECT MANAGEMENT IN
NUCLEAR POWER PLANT CONSTRUCTION:
GUIDELINES AND EXPERIENCE
The following States are Members of the International Atomic Energy Agency:
AFGHANISTAN
ALBANIA
ALGERIA
ANGOLA
ARGENTINA
ARMENIA
AUSTRALIA
AUSTRIA
AZERBAIJAN
BAHRAIN
BANGLADESH
BELARUS
BELGIUM
BELIZE
BENIN
BOLIVIA
BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA BOTSWANA
BRAZIL
BULGARIA
BURKINA FASO
BURUNDI
CAMBODIA
CAMEROON
CANADA
CENTRAL AFRICAN
REPUBLIC
CHAD
CHILE
CHINA
COLOMBIA
CONGO
COSTA RICA
CÔTE D IVOIRE
CROATIA
CUBA
CYPRUS
CZECH REPUBLIC
DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO
DENMARK
DOMINICA DOMINICAN REPUBLIC ECUADOR
EGYPT
EL SALVADOR
ERITREA
ESTONIA
ETHIOPIA
FINLAND
FRANCE
GABON
GEORGIA
GERMANY
GHANA
GREECE
GUATEMALA
HAITI
HOLY SEE
HONDURAS
HUNGARY
ICELAND
INDIA
INDONESIA
IRAN, ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAQ
IRELAND
ISRAEL
ITALY
JAMAICA
JAPAN
JORDAN
KAZAKHSTAN
KENYA
KOREA, REPUBLIC OF KUWAIT KYRGYZSTAN
LAO PEOPLE S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC
LATVIA
LEBANON
LESOTHO
LIBERIA
LIBYA
LIECHTENSTEIN
LITHUANIA
LUXEMBOURG
MADAGASCAR
MALAWI
MALAYSIA
MALI
MALTA
MARSHALL ISLANDS
MAURITANIA
MAURITIUS
MEXICO
MONACO
MONGOLIA
MONTENEGRO
MOROCCO
MOZAMBIQUE
MYANMAR
NAMIBIA
NEPAL
NETHERLANDS
NEW ZEALAND
NICARAGUA
NIGER
NIGERIA
NORWAY
OMAN
PAKISTAN
PALAU
PANAMA
PAPUA NEW GUINEA
PARAGUAY
PERU
PHILIPPINES
POLAND
PORTUGAL
QATAR
REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA ROMANIA
RUSSIAN FEDERATION SAUDI ARABIA SENEGAL
SERBIA
SEYCHELLES
SIERRA LEONE
SINGAPORE
SLOVAKIA
SLOVENIA
SOUTH AFRICA
SPAIN
SRI LANKA
SUDAN
SWEDEN
SWITZERLAND
SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC TAJIKISTAN
THAILAND
THE FORMER YUGOSLAV REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA
TUNISIA
TURKEY
UGANDA
UKRAINE
UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
UNITED REPUBLIC
OF TANZANIA
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA URUGUAY
UZBEKISTAN
VENEZUELA
VIETNAM
YEMEN
ZAMBIA
ZIMBABWE
The Agency’s Statute was approved on 23 October 1956 by the Conference on the Statute of the IAEA held at United Nations Headquarters, New York; it entered into force on 29 July 1957. The Headquarters of the Agency are situated in Vienna. Its principal objective is “to accelerate and enlarge the contribution of atomic energy to peace, health and prosperity throughout the world’’.
IAEA NUCLEAR ENERGY SERIES No. NP-T-2.7
PROJECT MANAGEMENT IN
NUCLEAR POWER PLANT CONSTRUCTION:
GUIDELINES AND EXPERIENCE
INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY
VIENNA, 2012
COPYRIGHT NOTICE
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Marketing and Sales Unit, Publishing Section International Atomic Energy Agency
Vienna International Centre PO Box 100
1400 Vienna, Austria fax: +43 1 2600 29302 tel.: +43 1 2600 22417
email: sales.publications@iaea.org http://www.iaea.org/books
© IAEA, 2012
Printed by the IAEA in Austria February 2012 STI/PUB/1537
IAEA Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Project management in nuclear power plant construction : guidelines and experience. — Vienna : International Atomic Energy Agency, 2012.
p. ; 29 cm. — (IAEA nuclear energy series, ISSN 1995–7807 ; no. NP-T-2.7)
STI/PUB/1537
ISBN 978–92–0–122210–7 Includes bibliographical references.
1. Nuclear power plants — Design and construction. 2. Nuclear power plants — Management. 3. Project management. I. International Atomic Energy Agency. II. Series.
IAEAL |
12–00732 |
FOREWORD
One of the IAEA’s statutory objectives is to “seek to accelerate and enlarge the contribution of atomic energy to peace, health and prosperity throughout the world”. One way this objective is achieved is through the publication of a range of technical series. Two of these are the IAEA Nuclear Energy Series and the IAEA Safety Standards Series.
According to Article III.A.6 of the IAEA Statute, the safety standards establish “standards of safety for protection of health and minimization of danger to life and property.” The safety standards include the Safety Fundamentals, Safety Requirements and Safety Guides. These standards are written primarily in a regulatory style, and are binding on the IAEA for its own programmes. The principal users are the regulatory bodies in Member States and other national authorities.
The IAEA Nuclear Energy Series comprises reports designed to encourage and assist R&D on, and application of, nuclear energy for peaceful uses. This includes practical examples to be used by owners and operators of utilities in Member States, implementing organizations, academia, and government officials, among others. This information is presented in guides, reports on technology status and advances, and best practices for peaceful uses of nuclear energy based on inputs from international experts. The IAEA Nuclear Energy Series complements the IAEA Safety Standards Series.
As of December 2010, there were 441 nuclear power reactors in operation, with a total capacity of about 370 GW(e). After a slowdown in the construction of new nuclear power plants, there has been a marked increase in recent years in the number of Member States with operating nuclear power plants that are interested in building new plants. Currently, 65 units are under construction in 15 ‘expanding’ countries, the largest number since 1992.
In 2010, construction started on 15 new nuclear power reactors, the largest number since 1987, and projections of future nuclear power growth were once again revised upwards. Nuclear power plants are capital intensive, employ high technology, and feature complex systems and interfaces, not least because of the continuously evolving and increasing safety and quality requirements. Investment costs and their amortization make up the predominant part of future power generation costs and effectively determine the competitiveness of the nuclear power option with power from fossil fuels or hydroelectric stations. High interest rates have made nuclear power plants particularly vulnerable as a result of the steep cost escalation that results from unforeseen changes or delays.
Although additional licensing requirements, public intervention and funding problems have been blamed for most of the delays and cost increases, lack of proper project management has been a major factor. Project management is a special area, concerned primarily with the definition, coordination and control of large undertakings from the point of view of technical quality, schedule and costs.
Improved direction, control and expediting of nuclear power plant projects by competent project management would reduce costs not only through more efficient work sequences and higher productivity, but also through the reduction of accumulated financial obligations during construction.
This report, based on past proven practices in many Member States, provides advice and guidance on project management from the preparatory phase to plant turnover to commissioning for the construction of nuclear power plants. With this guidance, it is hoped that project managers and their staff will be able to better manage nuclear power projects and help maintain nuclear power as a viable energy option.
This report builds on and updates Technical Reports Series No. 279, Nuclear Project Management: A Guidebook. As such, this report supersedes the earlier publication. The IAEA received generous support from several Member States in providing experts and submitting written material for this report. Appreciation is expressed for their valuable contributions. The IAEA is particularly grateful to the members of the working group who provided the main text, recommendations and comments relating to the purpose, content and form of the book.
The IAEA officer responsible for this publication was K.S. Kang of the Division of Nuclear Power.
EDITORIAL NOTE
This report has been edited by the editorial staff of the IAEA to the extent considered necessary for the reader’s assistance. It does not address questions of responsibility, legal or otherwise, for acts or omissions on the part of any person.
Although great care has been taken to maintain the accuracy of information contained in this publication, neither the IAEA nor its Member States assume any responsibility for consequences which may arise from its use.
The use of particular designations of countries or territories does not imply any judgement by the publisher, the IAEA, as to the legal status of such countries or territories, of their authorities and institutions or of the delimitation of their boundaries.
The mention of names of specific companies or products (whether or not indicated as registered) does not imply any intention to infringe proprietary rights, nor should it be construed as an endorsement or recommendation on the part of the IAEA.
CONTENTS
1. |
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
1 |
||
|
1.1. |
Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
1 |
|
|
1.2. Implications of the Fukushima accident . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
2 |
||
|
1.3. |
Objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
3 |
|
|
1.4. |
Scope |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
3 |
|
1.5. |
Users |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
3 |
|
1.6. |
Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
4 |
|
2. |
CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT — PREPARATORY PHASE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
4 |
||
|
2.1. |
Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
4 |
|
|
|
2.1.1. Long term reactor deployment strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
4 |
|
|
|
2.1.2. |
Feasibility study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
5 |
|
|
2.1.3. Site selection and acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
5 |
|
|
|
2.1.4. |
Infrastructure development plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
6 |
|
|
2.1.5. Preparation of a detailed project report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
6 |
|
|
|
2.1.6. |
Environmental impact assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
6 |
|
2.2. Establishment of the project management organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
7 |
||
|
|
2.2.1. Definition and start of the project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
7 |
|
|
|
2.2.2. |
Organizational structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
8 |
|
|
2.2.3. Implementation of management rules and procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
12 |
|
|
|
2.2.4. |
Project integration management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
13 |
|
|
2.2.5. |
Project communications management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
15 |
|
|
2.2.6. Project information management using information technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
15 |
|
|
2.3. |
Engineering management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
16 |
|
|
2.4. |
Main contract management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
20 |
|
|
|
2.4.1. |
Contract implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
20 |
|
|
2.4.2. Development of the procurement plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
20 |
|
|
|
2.4.3. |
Authorization to proceed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
24 |
|
2.5. |
Licensing management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
24 |
|
|
|
2.5.1. Preparing and submitting licensing documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
24 |
|
|
2.6. |
Project risk management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
26 |
|
|
2.7. |
Construction infrastructure development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
26 |
|
|
2.8. |
Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
27 |
|
3. |
CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT — CONSTRUCTION PHASE |
|
||
|
(AFTER CONCRETE POURING) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
28 |
||
|
3.1. Overview of organizations (site and HQ) and main activities during construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
28 |
||
|
3.2. Manufacturing and construction management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
28 |
||
|
|
3.2.1. |
Selection of sub-suppliers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
29 |
|
|
3.2.2. |
Measuring progress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
29 |
|
|
3.2.3. Project meeting to monitor and control progress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
30 |
|
|
3.3. Coordination of construction activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
31 |
||
|
3.4. Categorization of construction work packages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
33 |
||
|
|
3.4.1. |
Work breakdown structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
33 |
|
|
3.4.2. Work packages as a project management tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
34 |
|
|
|
3.4.3. |
Civil/architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
36 |
|
|
3.4.4. |
Mechanical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
36 |
|
|
3.4.5. |
Electrical and I&C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
36 |
|
3.5. Project scheduling and control during the construction phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
37 |
||
|
|
3.5.1. Schedule development and control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
37 |
|
|
|
3.5.2. |
Cost control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
41 |
|
3.6. Quality planning and management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
43 |
||
|
|
3.6.1. Establishing organization and basic programme for management system . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
43 |
|
|
|
3.6.2. Establishing the management system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
43 |
|
|
|
3.6.3. Ensuring quality control depending on safety significance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
44 |
|
|
|
3.6.4. Quality assurance in design, manufacturing, transport, installation, etc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
45 |
|
|
|
3.6.5. Surveillance of manufacturing processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
47 |
|
|
|
3.6.6. Conducting comprehensive inspection at critical milestones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
47 |
|
|
|
3.6.7. |
Qualification of sub-suppliers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
47 |
|
3.7. |
Construction inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
48 |
|
|
|
3.7.1. |
Construction inspection areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
49 |
|
|
3.7.2. Construction and erection tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
51 |
|
|
|
3.7.3. |
Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
54 |
|
3.8. Safety and environmental management system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
54 |
||
|
|
3.8.1. |
Safety culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
54 |
|
|
3.8.2. Industrial and occupational safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
55 |
|
|
|
3.8.3. Safety evaluation prior to contract negotiations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
55 |
|
|
|
3.8.4. |
Project environmental management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
56 |
|
|
3.8.5. |
Environmental standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
56 |
|
3.9. Developing a human resources plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
56 |
||
|
|
3.9.1. |
Human resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
57 |
|
|
3.9.2. Assigning supervisors in accordance with work progress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
57 |
|
|
|
3.9.3. Defining the required skill level of supervisors and workers and carrying out education |
|
|
|
|
|
and training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
58 |
4. |
CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT — COMMISSIONING PHASE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
58 |
||
|
4.1. |
Construction completion process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
58 |
|
|
4.2. |
Turnover processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
59 |
|
|
4.3. Preserving reference data, material conditions, keep test material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
60 |
||
5. |
CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT ISSUES AND LESSONS LEARNED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
62 |
||
|
5.1. |
Construction management issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
62 |
|
|
|
5.1.1. Selection of local suppliers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
63 |
|
|
|
5.1.2. |
Bulk material management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
64 |
|
|
5.1.3. |
Worker turnover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
64 |
|
|
5.1.4. |
Construction equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
65 |
|
|
5.1.5. Massive movements of people and material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
65 |
|
|
|
5.1.6. |
Public perception . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
65 |
|
|
5.1.7. Construction phase closure activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
66 |
|
|
5.2. Country specific lessons learned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
66 |
||
|
|
5.2.1. |
Argentina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
66 |
|
|
5.2.2. |
China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
66 |
|
|
5.2.3. |
Finland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
68 |
|
|
5.2.4. |
France . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
71 |
|
|
5.2.5. |
India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
72 |
|
|
5.2.6. |
Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
73 |
|
|
5.2.7. |
Republic of Korea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
75 |
5.3. Country report summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
75 |
||
5.3.1. Legislation, regulation and planning consents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
75 |
||
5.3.2. |
Planning and scheduling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
76 |
|
5.3.3. |
Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
76 |
|
5.3.4. |
Construction and manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
77 |
|
5.3.5. |
Commissioning and operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
78 |
|
6. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
78 |
||
REFERENCES |
. . |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
79 |
ABBREVIATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
81 |
||
GLOSSARY . . |
. . |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
82 |
ANNEX I. |
BRAZIL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
83 |
|
ANNEX II. |
BULGARIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
87 |
|
ANNEX III. |
CANADA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
93 |
|
ANNEX IV. |
CHINA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
96 |
|
ANNEX V. |
JAPAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
98 |
|
ANNEX VI. |
REPUBLIC OF KOREA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
104 |
|
ANNEX VII. |
ROMANIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
110 |
|
ANNEX VIII. |
RUSSIAN FEDERATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
112 |
|
ANNEX IX. |
SLOVAKIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
115 |
|
BIBLIOGRAPHY |
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
121 |
|
CONTRIBUTORS TO DRAFTING AND REVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
123 |
||
STRUCTURE OF THE IAEA NUCLEAR ENERGY SERIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
124 |
||