are built on sand beaches or huge amounts of the cooling water are discharged, some impacts to the social and natural environments and maritime recreation may be expected due to possible coastal changes in the vicinity of the NPP. The following investigations and assessments are made to deal with the coastal changes.

1. Investigating changes of the nearby coast using published documents, weather and hydrographic phenomenon surveys, bathymetry, shore line change assessments, bottom sediment surveys, suspended sediment investigations, and investigations of source and moving direction of drift sand to understand the changes due to new coastal structures.

2. Making numerical simulations and hydraulic model experiments of coastal changes due to breakwater construction and cooling water discharge for minimizing the impact on coastal deformation.

Based on the results of such investigations as mentioned above, much efforts to preserve the surrounding coast are carried out

7. Advanced Siting Concept

The construction of a NPP requires the reactor be built on a site with ample supporting capacities. In recent years potential sites are becoming harder to find and even when siting requirements are satisfied, they tend to be very far from the electricity consuming centers making transmission cost a significant portion of the total generation cost Therefore the possibilities of siting should be expanded through the development of advanced siting technology. Since a NPP needs a very long lead time from selection of the site to the start of construction, very early technological development is necessary. The following is a list of potential advanced siting schemes and associated technology development needs.

1. Quaternary geological siting (soil formation occurred after 1800,000 years ago) -Assessment of supporting soil stability

2. Underground siting

-Assessment of underground cavity stability

3. Offshore siting

• Bottom on the ground concept

-Assessment of breakwater stability against

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earthquakes and ocean waves

• Floating barge concept

-Design of floating barge and mooring facility

References

1. NSC, “Regulatory Guide for Reviewing Nuclear Reactor Sting Evaluation and Application Criteria”, Nuclear Safety Commission of Japan, May 27, 1964 (partly revised on Mar. 27,1989) (http://www.nsc.go.jp/NSCenglish/index.htm)

2. International Atomic Energy Agency, “Site Evaluation for Nuclear Installations Safety Requirements”, Safety Standards Series No. NS-R-3, Dec. 19,2003

3. JNES, “Annual Year 2003 Report on Investigation of International Safety Standards Related to Nuclear Facilities”, Japan Nuclear Energy Safety Organization, June 2004 (in Japanese)

4. NSC, “Regulatory Guide for Reviewing Safety Assessment of light Water Nuclear Power Plant Facilities”, Nuclear Safety Commission of Japan, Aug 30,1990 (partly revised on March 29, 2001) (http://www.nsc.go.jp/NSCenglish/index.htm)

5. NSC, “Investigation Report on the Accident of Nuclear Power Plant in the USSR”, Nuclear Safety Commission of Japan, May 28,1987 (in Japanese)

6. Nakura, S. et al., “On the Revision of the

Regulatory Guide for Reviewing Seismic Design of Nuclear Power Plant Facilities”, 12th Japan Earthquake Engineering Symposium, pp. 43-49, 2006 (in Japanese)

7. Noda. S.et al. "Response Spectra for Design Purpose of Stiff Structures on Rock Sites”, OECD-NEA Workshop on the Relations between Seismological Data and Seismic Engineering Analyses, pp.16-18,2002

8. Kato. K. et al., ’’Earthquake Ground Motion

Level due to Inland Earth’s Crust Earthquake with No Specific Earthquake Source Location Forecasted - Study on Earthquake Classification from Geological Investigation and limiting Level Based on Strong Earthquake Observation Data”, Japan Association for Earthquake Engineering, Vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 46-86,2004 (in Japanese)

9. NUPEC, “Present Status of Reliability Proving

Tests on Nuclear Power Plant Facilities, Nuclear

Power Engineering Corporation”, pp. 9-10, 1995

(in Japanese)

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