
- •The Grammatical Lawyer
- •Intro – Why Grammar
- •GRAMMAR MATTERS!
- •Entering a legal dispute with poor grammar and expression can be, in Sean
- ••Using good grammar is part of Plain English. Plain English is clear English.
- •Building blocks: noun, verb, sentence
- •These items are called “parts of speech”
- ••So, let’s look at some of the main rules and frequent errors in
- •The 15 Fundamentals
- •1. Apostrophes
- •1. Apostrophes (cont’d)
- •1. Apostrophes (cont’d)
- •Real Examples (from
- •Real Examples
- •Real Examples
- •Real Examples
- •2. It’s vs Its (cont’d)
- •3. Your vs You’re
- •3. Your vs You’re (cont’d)
- •4. They’re/Their/There
- •Clanger!
- •5.Subject/Verb Agreement
- •5.Subject/Verb Agreement (cont’d)
- •5.Subject/Verb Agreement
- •5.Subject/Verb Agreement (cont’d)
- •6.Noun and pronoun must agree
- •(cont’d)
- •6.Noun/Pronoun Agreement
- •6.Noun/Pronoun Agreement (cont’d)
- •6.Noun/Pronoun Agreement (cont’d)
- •7. Consistency of
- •7. Consistency of Tense
- •8. Run-on Sentences
- •8. Run-on Sentences
- •8. Run-on Sentences
- •8. Run-on Sentences
- •(cont’d)
- •8. Run-on Sentences
- •8. Run-on Sentences
- •8. Run-on Sentences
- •8. Run-on Sentences
- •9. Semicolons and
- •9. Semicolons and Colons
- •9. Semicolons and Colons
- •9. Semicolons and Colons
- •10. Commas
- •10. Commas (cont’d)
- •10. Commas (cont’d)
- •10. Commas (cont’d)
- •10. Commas (cont’d)
- •10. Commas (cont’d)
- •Participles
- •11. Dangling Participles
- •12.Random Capitalization
- •12. Random Capitalization
- •12. Random Capitalization
- •(cont’d)
- •13. Missing Punctuation
- •(cont’d)
- •14. Missing spaces
- •14. Missing Spaces
- •14. Missing Spaces
- •15. Write Complete
- •15. Complete Sentences
- •If you study and use these 15 Fundamentals, you will be well armed
- •This concludes the grammar portion of our seminar.
- •Five Rules Plus Some
- •The First Five Rules
- •1. Write As Plainly As Possible
- •2. Avoid Long Sentences
- •3. Use the Active Voice
- •3. Use the Active Voice
- •3. Use the Active Voice
- •4. Avoid Archaic Words
- •4. Avoid Archaic Words
- •4. Avoid Archaic Words
- •phrasing of Strunk and White’s Most Famous Rule: “Omit Needless Words”
- •5. “Omit Needless Words”
- •5. “Omit Needless Words”
- •5. “Omit Needless Words”
- •5. “Omit Needless Words”
- •5. “Omit Needless Words”
- •5. “Omit Needless Words”
- •6. Proper
- •6. Proper Paragraphing
- •6. Proper Paragraphing
- •6. Proper Paragraphing
- •7. Get Names Right
- •7. Get Names Right
- •8. Avoid First Names
- •8. Avoid First Names (cont’d)
- •Beware Sexist
- •9. Beware Sexist Traps
- •Mean
- •11. Proofread, Proofread,
- •(cont’d)
- •(cont’d)
- •(cont’d)
- •Words
- •13. Beware of “It” and
- •So, grammarian, pick the errors:
- •QUIZ TIME
- •Bibliography/
- •Bibliography/

(cont’d)
Here’s another example of a run-on sentence:
“It is nearly half past nine, we cannot reach Don’s before last call.”
Again, this is incorrect.
Instead:
“It is nearly half past nine. We cannot reach Don’s before last call.”
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or |
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“It is nearly half past nine, and we cannot reach Don’s before |
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last call.” |
or |
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Don’s |
“It is nearly half past nine; we cannot reach |
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before last call.” |
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Elements |
Example adapted from: Strunk and White, The |
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of Style (4th Ed.) at 5-6. |
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8. Run-on Sentences
(cont’d)
Real example:
“There is no mention of liability, you may want to clarify whether you are liable to RCCQ members or liability is solely theirs.”
Better: “There is no mention of liability.
You may want to clarify . . .”
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8. Run-on Sentences
(cont’d)
Real example:
“We suggest that you contact RCCQ Towing to inform them of this problem, from there you can identify member’s that have paid in cash.”
Better: “. . . inform them of this problem. From there you can identify members that have paid . . .” (also corrected apostrophe)
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8. Run-on Sentences
(cont’d)
Real example:
“You can create a trust with the company as trustee, certain tax benefits may arise from doing so.”
Better: “You can create a trust with the company as trustee. Certain tax benefits may arise from doing so.”
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8. Run-on Sentences
(cont’d)
Real example:
“There is no mention as to your arrangement with RCCQ about a 25%-75% split of towing fees, it is strongly recommended that this be included.”
Better: “There is no mention as to . . . towing fees. We recommend that you include this information.”
(Note: This formulation also fixes the passive voice* problem in the second sentence.)
* More about this later.
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9. Semicolons and
Colons
Colons are used to indicate explanations and lists. “The Defendant should be found liable in negligence because he meets all
the elements: (1) he owed Plaintiff a duty of care; (2) he breached that duty; and (3) Defendant’s negligence caused Plaintiff $1 million in damages.”
Colons are also often used for salutations in letters. (“Dear Professor Puddingfoot: . . .”)
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9. Semicolons and Colons
(cont’d)
Semi-colons are used to separate two independent but closely related ideas that could otherwise be left as separate sentences (as here ); they are also used to separate items in a list in the place of a comma (see the first bullet point in the previous slide).
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9. Semicolons and Colons
(cont’d)
Real example:
“In our view the most important issues are; [a, b, and c].”
Better: “In our view, the most important issues are: a; b; and c.”
Note the use of semicolons here to separate each point; you could also keep the commas that were in the original example. Complicated points containing commas are better separated by semicolons.
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9. Semicolons and Colons
(cont’d)
Real example:
“Problem with drivers; some drivers are ‘pocketing’ cash payments by RCCQ members.”
Better: “Problem with drivers: some drivers are ‘pocketing’ cash payments by RCCQ members.”
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10. Commas
“Commas are used within sentences to mark various kinds of breaks; they should never appear at the end of a sentence. For instance, they can be used around phrases or clauses which can be seen as inserted within the structure of the sentence.”
Meehan and Tulloch, Grammar for Lawyers (2nd Ed.) at 102.
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