In-Text
Information to include
•Author surname
•Year of publication
•If it’s a direct quote include the page number, or if it’s from a long website, use the paragraph number or section
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In-Text |
Correct or not? |
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Quote |
Double |
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quotation |
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Surname |
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‘76% of |
marks |
using Facebook |
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only |
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• |
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lectures’ (Roberts, 2009, p.4).
•“Both sectors showed a loss” (Simon Derby, 2009,
para.4). |
Year |
• |
missing |
Paraphrase |
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•According to Andreassen, |
was |
more common in women than in men.
•Jones (2009) points out the lack of statistical evidence in this area.
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In-Text |
Multiple authors - rules |
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Authors |
Rule |
Example |
2 authors |
Use ‘&’ |
(Smith & Jones, 2007) |
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et al., |
3 - 5 authors |
Use all names first time |
(Jones et al., 2005) |
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and then first person |
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+ et al. |
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6+ authors |
Use first name + et al. |
(Jones et al., 2005) |
(Harvard 4+) |
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Group authors |
Can be abbreviated in |
(Australian Taxation |
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subsequent entries – e.g. |
Office, 2010), later (ATO, |
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1st time: |
2010) |
In-Text
More than 1 source - rules
• Use a semi colon to separate the sources
E.g. Many studies involving personality and students have included the Big Five (Bernardin, Cooke, & Villanova, 2000; Dollinger & Leong, 1993; James et al., 2009).
In-Text
Websites - rules
•http://www.goldcoast.qld.gov.au/t_standard2.aspx? pid=9790
•Use organisation name as author
E.g. (Gold Coast City Council, 2011)
• Use n.d. if there is no date
E.g. (Gold Coast City Council, n.d.)
In-Text
No author - rules
•http://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-05-08/dinosaur-flatulence-may-have-warmed- earth/3996872
•When the work has no author, cite the first few words of
the title and the year.
•Use quotation marks around the title of an article, chapter or web page & italicise the title of a periodical, book, brochure or report
E.g. (“Dinosaur flatulence”, 2012).
• Harvard use italics (Dinosaur flatulence 2012).
In-Text
Rules – secondary sources
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In this book, |
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Roberts cites |
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Lydster (2010). |
You’ve read this |
You haven’t |
book by Roberts |
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(2012) |
read the book |
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by Lydster |
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(2010) |
In-Text
Rules – secondary sources
• Lydster (as cited in Roberts, 2012)
APA: No date here
In-Text
Rules – secondary sources
• Lydster (as cited in Roberts, 2012)
APA: No date here
• Lydster (2010 cited by Roberts 2012)
Harvard: Include date here
In-Text
Rules – long quotes APA
Quotations < 40 words should use double quotation marks, (“ ”).
Quotations > 40 words should appear in a free-standing block and omit quotation marks. The quotation should be started on a new line, indented five spaces from the left margin. For example:
Jones’1993 study found the following:
Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time citing sources. This difficulty could be attributed to the fact that many students failed to purchase a style manual or to ask their teacher for help. (p. 199)
He also found that if they asked for help, then they found APA style simple.