3 семестр / Glossary

Term

Pronunciation

Definition

Example

Russian

Unit 1

quantity (n, c)

ˈkwɒntəti

an amount or a number of something

Is it available in sufficient quantity?

количество

fundamental (base) unit 

ˌfʌndəˈmentl ˈjuːnɪt

To communicate the result of a measurement of a certain physical quantity, a unit for the quantity must be defined. This unit called fundamental

If our fundamental unit of mass is defined as 1.0 kilogram

основная единица

SI (n, c)

ˌes ˈaɪ

Use SI to avoid misunderstandings

Международная система единиц

force (n, c)

fɔːrs

physical strength, especially as showInternational System of Unitsn when something hits something else

The first law states that a force must be applied to an object in order to change its velocity.

сила

velocity (n, c)

vəˈlɑːsəti

the speed of something in a particular direction

velocity is a vector

скорость (вектор)

volume (n, c)

ˈvɒljuːm

the amount of space that an object or a substance fills

In this case the physical property that changes is the volume of a liquid.

объем

acceleration (n, u)

əkˌseləˈreɪʃn

the rate of change of velocity with respect to time

free-fall acceleration

ускорение

sine (n, c)

saɪn

the trigonometric function that for an acute angle is the ratio between the leg opposite the angle when it is considered part of a right triangle and the hypotenuse

sin θ that for all real numbers θ is exactly equal to the sine of an angle of measure θ in radians

синус

cosine (n,c)

ˈkəʊsaɪn

a trigonometric function that for an acute angle is the ratio between the leg adjacent to the angle when it is considered part of a right triangle and the hypotenuse

a trigonometric function cos θ that for all real numbers θ is given by the sum of the alternating series

косинус

tangent (n, c)

ˈtændʒənt

: the trigonometric function that for an acute angle is the ratio between the leg opposite to the angle when it is considered part of a right triangle and the leg adjacent

tangential acceleration

тангенс

Term

Pronunciation

Definition

Example

Russian

Unit 2

average (adj  )

ˈævərɪdʒ

calculated by adding several amounts together, finding a total, and dividing the total by the number of amounts

average solar day

среднее

axis (n,c)

ˈæksɪs

one of the reference lines of a coordinate system

The standard reference line is usually selected to be the positive x-axis of a Cartesian coordinate system

ось

deceleration (n, u)

ˌdiːseləˈreɪʃn

a reduction in the speed

The motor generates energy during braking and deceleration.

замедление

decrease (v)

dɪˈkriːs

to grow progressively less (as in size, amount, number, or intensity)

a decreasing population

уменьшаться

increase (v)

ɪnˈkriː

to become progressively greater (as in size, amount, number, or intensity)

The price of oil increased

увеличиваться

dimension (n, c)

daɪˈmenʃn

one of a group of properties whose number is necessary and sufficient to determine uniquely each element of a system of usually mathematical entities

kinematics in one dimension

измерение

speed (n, c)

spiːd

the magnitude of a velocity irrespective of direction

the terms speed and velocity are interchangeable

скорость (модуль)

displacement (n, u)

dɪsˈpleɪsmənt

the difference between the initial position of something and any later position

Motion involves the displacement of an object from one place in space and time to another

перемещение

Term

Pronunciation

Definition

Example

Russian

Unit 3

motion (n, u)

ˈməʊʃn

an act, process, or instance of changing place

motion of an object

движение

scalar quantity 

ˈskeɪlər ˈkwɒntəti

a quantity (such as mass or time) that has a magnitude and no direction

Speed is a scalar quantity

скалярная величина

vector quantity 

ˈvek.tər

a quantity (such as velocity) that has size and direction

Acceleration is a vector quantity

Векторная величина

projectile (n, c)

prəˈdʒektaɪl

a body projected by external force and continuing in motion by its own inertia

The cannon fires a ten-pound projectile.

снаряд

equation (n, c)

ɪˈkweɪʒn

a usually formal statement of the equality or equivalence of mathematical or logical expressions

the numbers on the right-hand side of the equation

уравнение

trajectory (n,c)

trəˈdʒektəri

the curve that a body describes in space

a missile’s trajectory

траектория

elevation (n, c)

ˌelɪˈveɪʃn

the angular distance of something above the horizon

elevation angle

высота

reference frame

ˌfreɪm əv ˈrefrəns

an arbitrary set of axes with reference to which the position or motion of something is described or physical laws are formulated

So measurements of velocity depend on the reference frame of the observer

система отсчета

Term

Pronunciation

Definition

Example

Russian

Unit 4

force (n, c)

fɔːs

physical strength, especially as shown when something hits something else

The first law states that a force must be applied to an object in order to change its velocity.

сила

friction (n, u)

ˈfrɪkʃn

the force that resists relative motion between two bodies in contact

Friction between moving parts had caused the engine to overheat.

трение

static friction

ˈstætɪk

friction between two objects that do not move

Static friction between table and floor

трение покоя

kinetic (dynamic) friction

kɪˈnetɪk

the friction between two bodies that are in sliding contact

force of kinetic friction

трение скольжения

gravitational force

ˌɡrævɪˈteɪʃənl

a fundamental physical force that is responsible for interactions which occur because of mass between particles, between aggregations of matter (such as stars and planets), and between particles (such as photons) and aggregations of matter

magnitude of the gravitational force

сила притяжения

weight (n, c/u)

weɪt

the force with which a body is attracted toward the earth or a celestial body by gravitation and which is equal to the product of the mass and the local gravitational acceleration

Galileo discovered the law of falling objects by observing that two different weights dropped simultaneously from the Leaning Tower of Pisa hit the ground at approximately the same time.

вес

inertia (n, u)

ɪˈnɜːʃə

a property of matter by which something that is not moving remains still and something that is moving goes at the same speed and in the same direction until another thing or force affects it

The tendency of an object to continue in its original state of motion is called inertia

инерция

mass (n, c/u)

mæs

the property of a body that is a measure of its inertia and that is commonly taken as a measure of the amount of material it contains and causes it to have weight in a gravitational field

The study of motion and of physical concepts such as force and mass is called dynamics.

масса

Term

Pronunciation

Definition

Example

Russian

Unit 5

energy (n, u)

ˈenədʒi

a fundamental entity of nature that is transferred between parts of a system in the production of physical change within the system and usually regarded as the capacity for doing work

total amount of energy in the Universe never changes

энергия

work (n, a)

wɜːk

to do something that involves physical or mental effort

She's outside, working on the car.

работа

joule (c)

dʒuːl

a unit of energy or work

joule heat

Джоуль

potential energy

pəˈtenʃl

energy held by an object because of its position relative to other objects, stresses within itself, its electric charge, or other factors.

potential energy of the nucleus

потенциальная энергия

energy conversion

ˈenədʒi kənˈvɜːʃn

process of changing energy from one form to another.

conversion of energy into kinetic

преобразование энергии

power (n,u)

ˈpaʊə(r)

the time rate at which work is done or energy emitted or transferred

engine power

мощность

law of conservation of energy 

ˈenədʒi kənˈvɜːʃn

According to the law of conservation energy: “Energy can neither be created nor is it destroyed. It can only be transformed from one form to another.

law of conservation of energy is very important

закон сохранения энергии

Term

Pronunciation

Definition

Example

Russian

Unit 6

momentum (n, u)

məˈmentəm

the property that a moving object has due to its mass and its motion and that is equal to the product of the body's mass and velocity

conservation of momentum

импульс

product (n, c)

ˈprɒdʌkt

the number or expression resulting from the multiplication together of two or more numbers or expressions

The linear momentum p of an object of mass m moving with velocity v is the product of its mass and velocity

произведение

collision (n, c)

kəˈlɪʒn

an encounter between items

complex collision problems

столкновение

recoil (n, u)

rɪˈkɔɪl

Action and reaction, together with the accompanying exchange of momentum between two objects

phenomenon known as recoil

отдача

impact (n, c/u)

ˈɪmpækt

an impinging or striking especially of one body against another

impact affect the motion

соударение

explosion (n, c)

ɪkˈspləʊʒn

the act or an instance of exploding

supernova explosions

взрыв

propulsion (n, u)

prəˈpʌlʃn

the force that drives something forward

rocket propulsion

движущая сила

Term

Definition

Example

Russian

Unit 7

circular motion

ˈsɜːkjələ(r) ˈməʊʃn

movement of an object along the circumference of a circle or rotation along a circular path

circular motion of a ball

круговое движение

centripetal force

ˌsentrɪˈpiːtl

the force that is necessary to keep an object moving in a curved path and that is directed inward toward the center of rotation

centripetal force of a motorcycle

центростремительная сила

escape speed

ɪˈskeɪp

escape velocity is the minimum speed needed for a free, non-propelled object to escape from the gravitational influence of a massive body

escape speed of earth is high

скорость выхода (первая космическая, вторая космическая скорость)

cycle (n, c)

ˈsaɪkl

the fact of a series of events being repeated many times, always in the same order

Cycle of day and night

цикл

satellite (n, c)

ˈsætəlaɪt

a celestial body or a manufactured object or vehicle intended to orbit the earth, the moon, or another celestial body

Satellite motion

спутник

fictitious forces

fɪkˈtɪʃəs

A fictitious force (also called a pseudo force, d'Alembert force, or inertial force) is a force that appears to act on a mass whose motion is described using a non-inertial frame of reference

fictitious forces acts on him

сила инерции

radian (n, c)

ˈreɪdiən

a unit of plane angular measurement that is equal to the angle at the center of a circle subtended by an arc whose length equals the radius

1 radian angle

радиан

Term

Pronunciation

Definition

Example

Russian

Unit 8

torque (n)

tɔːrk

a force that produces or tends to produce rotation or torsion

The more torque an engine has, the bigger the load it can pull in the same gear.

крутящий момент

right-hand rule

ˈraɪt hænd

right-hand rule is a common mnemonic for understanding orientation of axes in three-dimensional space

Use right-hand rule

правило правой руки

center of gravity 

ˈsentə(r) ˈɡrævəti

he center of gravity (CG) of an aircraft is the point over which the aircraft would balance.

center of gravity of a pen is in the middle

центр масс

axis of symmetry 

ˈæksɪs ˈsɪmətri

a straight line with respect to which a body or figure is symmetrical

axis of symmetry of a ball is it’s diameter

ось симметрии

rigid (adj)

ˈrɪdʒɪd

very strict and difficult to change

rigid objectс

жёсткий

angular acceleration

ˈæŋɡjələ(r) əkˌseləˈreɪʃn

In physics, angular acceleration refers to the time rate of change of angular velocity.

angular acceleration during flight

угловое ускорение

angular momentum 

ˈæŋɡjələ(r)

In physics, angular momentum (rarely, moment of momentum or rotational momentum) is the rotational equivalent of linear momentum.

Describe the vector nature of angular momentum

угловой момент

term

pronunciation

definition

example

Russian

Unit 9

solid (n, c)

ˈsɒlɪd

solid is characterized by structural rigidity and resistance to a force applied to the surface

Solids can be classified as either crystalline or amorphous

твердый

liquid (n, c)

ˈlɪkwɪd

incompressible fluid that conforms to the shape of its container but retains a (nearly) constant volume independent of pressure

a flammable liquid

жидкий

gas (n, c)

ɡæs

a fluid (such as air) that has neither independent shape nor volume but tends to expand indefinitely

Carbon monoxide is a poisonous gas.

газ

plasma (n, u)

ˈplæzmə

the fluid part of blood, lymph, or milk as distinguished from suspended material

Plasma is a strange material

плазма

density (n, u)

ˈdensəti

the mass of a substance per unit of volume

Plasma ion density

плотность

pressure (n, u)

ˈpreʃə(r)

the force or thrust exerted over a surface divided by its are

pressure inside the eye

давление

Archimedes’ principle

ˈprɪnsəpl

Archimedes' principle states that the upward buoyant force that is exerted on a body immersed in a fluid, whether fully or partially, is equal to the weight of the fluid that the body displaces.

Archimedes’ principle is important in shipbuilding

принцип Архимеда

surface tension

ˈsɜːfɪs ˈtenʃn

Surface tension is the tendency of liquid surfaces to shrink into the minimum surface area possible.

surface tension is useful for water striders

поверхностное натяжение

term

pronunciation

definition

example

Russian

Unit 10

heat (n, u)

hiːt

transfer of energy between a system and its environment due to a temperature difference between them

Specific heat

тепло

temperature  scale

ˈtemprətʃə(r) skeɪl

Scale of temperature is a methodology of calibrating the physical quantity temperature in metrology

temperature  scale can be different

шкала температур

mercury (n,  u)

ˈmɜːkjəri

a silver-white poisonous heavy metallic element that is liquid at ordinary temperatures and is used especially in batteries, in dental amalgam, and in scientific instruments

mercury thermometer

ртуть

thermometer (n, c)

θəˈmɒmɪtə(r)

an instrument used for measuring the temperature of the air, a person’s body, etc.

a thermometer reading

термометрк

thermal expansion

ɪkˈspænʃn

tendency of matter to change its shape, area, volume, and density in response to a change in temperature

thermal expansion of gas

тепловое расширение

ideal gas

aɪˈdiːəl

An ideal gas is a theoretical gas composed of many randomly moving point particles that are not subject to interparticle interactions.

ideal gas does not exists

идеальный газ

thermal equilibrium

ˌiːkwɪˈlɪbriəm

Two physical systems are in thermal equilibrium if there is no net flow of thermal energy between them when they are connected by a path permeable to heat

thermal equilibrium of two objects

тепловое равновесие

term

pronunciation

definition

example

Russian

Unit 11

internal energy

in-ˈtər-nᵊl ˈe-nər-jē

energy associated with the microscopic components of a system - the atoms and molecules of the system.

When the block warms

up, something called internal energy increases.

внутренняя

энергия

specific heat

spi-ˈsi-fik ˈhēt

amount of heat that must be added to one unit of mass of the substance in order to cause an increase of one unit in temperature

The fact that the specific heat of water is higher than the specific heat of sand is responsible for the pattern of airflow at a beach.

удельная теплоёмкость

calorie (n, c)

ˈka-lə-rē

the amount of heat required at a pressure of one atmosphere to raise the temperature of one gram of water one degree Celsius

The historical definition of the calorie is the amount of energy necessary to raise the temperature of one gram of a specific substance - water -

by one degree.

калория

latent heat

ˈlā-tᵊnt ˈhēt

energy released or absorbed, by a body or a thermodynamic system, during a constant-temperature process

Latent heat of the substance, depends on the nature of the phase

change.

теплота фазового перехода

phase change

ˈfāz ˈchānj

physical processes of transition between a state of a medium, identified by some parameters, and another one, with different values of the parameters.

Some

common phase changes are solid to liquid (melting), liquid to gas (boiling), and a change in the crystalline structure of a solid.

фазовый переход

expose (v)

ik-ˈspōz

to deprive of shelter, protection, or care

As a result, warmed air can't rapidly pass over the surfaces of the greenhouse that are exposed to the outside air and thereby cause an energy loss by conduction through those surfaces.

открывать

greenhouse effect

process by which radiation from a planet's atmosphere warms the planet's surface to a temperature above what it would be without this atmosphere

Without the Montreal Protocol, research suggests this greenhouse effect would likely have added at least an extra degree Celsius, or 1.8 degrees Fahrenheit, to worldwide warming by 2050

парниковый эффект

Term

Pronunciation

Definition

Example

Russian

Unit 12

assume (v)

əˈsjuːm

to think or accept that something is true but without having proof of it

It's probably safe to assume (that) we'll be hearing more about this story.

предполагать

isobaric (adj)

iso·​bar·​ic

an imaginary line or a line on a map or chart connecting or marking places of equal barometric pressure

isobaric line

изобарический

adiabatic (adj)

adi·​a·​bat·​ic

occurring without loss or gain of heat

adiabatic process

адиабатический

isovolumetric (adj)

väl-yu̇-ˈme-trik

of, relating to, or characterized by unchanging volume

isovolumetric process takes a long time

изоволютмерический

isothermal (adj)

ī-sə-ˈthər-məl

of, relating to, or marked by equality of temperature

isothermal process goes without temperature change

изотермический

engine (n, c)

ˈendʒɪn

a machine for converting any of various forms of energy into mechanical force and motion

Its engine is powered by both gasoline and electricity.

двигатель

entropy (n, u)

ˈentrəpi

a measurement of the energy that is present in a system or process but is not available to do work

Entropy originally found its place in thermodynamics, but its importance grew tremendously as the field of statistical mechanics developed.

энтропия