История развития книгопечатания
The
first printed books appeared in the 9th century in China. An image or
text was applied to a wooden board, unnecessary spaces were carved
out, covered with ink, and pressed against a sheet of paper to create
an engraving. In the 11th century, the blacksmith Bi Sheng invented a
method of casting text using clay movable type, which was then fired.
In the 13th century, in Korea, bronze type was used instead of clay.
These bronze typefaces have survived to the present day. In Japan and
Central Asia, printing with movable type spread later.
In
the mid-14th to early 15th centuries, in Western Europe, printing
replaced the handwritten method of reproducing books. The first books
were printed from text and picture boards. Popular titles included
"The Bible of the Poor," "The Mirror of Human
Salvation," and "The Life and Passion of Christ."
Playing cards, calendars, cheap pictures, and textbooks were also
printed. Initially, books were printed on one side of the page, then
on both sides.
The
process of printing from boards was long and laborious, making it
economically unprofitable. Johannes Gutenberg invented movable type
printing. He developed an alloy of lead, tin, and antimony for
casting type and waterproof ink. In 1455, Gutenberg published the
first printed Bible, consisting of 1286 pages. Gutenberg's technology
remained unchanged until the end of the 18th century.
A
hand press, a manual printing press, was invented for printing. From
1440 to 1500, over 30,000 books were published.
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