- •1. Предмет и разделы лексикологии. Теоретическое и практическое значение лексикологии, ее связь с другими науками.
- •2. Слово как основная единица языка. Основные проблемы теории слова.
- •3. Общее определение значения слова. Концептуальный и 0функциональный подходы к изучению значения слова.
- •4. Типы и виды значения. Грамматическое и лексическое значение слова. Денотативное и коннотативное значение. Виды коннотаций.
- •Vinogradov: the meaning of a word can be:
- •3. Collegiationally and collocationally conditioned meanings are not free, but bound.
- •4. Phraseologically bound meaning.
- •2) “Fascist” – cognitive and pragmatic components
- •5. Компонентный анализ значения слова.
- •6. Изменение значения слова. Сущность переосмысления значения слова.
- •7. Причины изменения значения слова.
- •8. Результаты изменения значения слова.
- •9. Понятие полисемии. Типы значений многозначного слова в диахронии и синхронии.
- •10. Семантическая структура слова. Пути развития многозначности.
- •11. Полисемия и контекст. Виды контекста.
- •12. Понятие омонимии. Источники омонимии. Различение полисемии и омонимии.
- •1. Shifts in application (сдвиг в употреблении)
- •2. Specialization
- •3. Metaphorical extension (a fundamental feature of any language)
- •2. The semantic divergence or loss of semantic bond between 2 words polysemantically related before.
- •13. Классификации омонимов.
- •14. Синонимия. Критерии синонимичности слов. Понятие синонимического ряда. Синонимическая аттракция.
- •15. Классификации синонимов
- •16. Антонимия. Классификации антонимов. Паронимы.
- •17. Синтагматические и парадигматические отношения в языке. Парадигматические группы слов.
- •18. Понятие семантического поля. Гипонимия и гиперонимия.
- •19. Тезаурус. Принципы составления тезауруса. Интерактивный тезаурус.
- •20. Сочетания свободные /несвободные (коллокации и коллигации). Понятие фразеологической единицы.
- •21. Семантическая классификация фразеологизмов.
- •22. Синтаксическая и функциональная классификации фразеологизмов.
- •23. Контекстуальная классификация фразеологизмов.
6. Изменение значения слова. Сущность переосмысления значения слова.
The meaning of the word is not unchanged. Ethymological analysis makes it possible to trace how the meaning of the word developed and to reveal the original meaning of many words, far from their modern meaning. For example, the word legend used to be called a book containing the biographies of saints сэйнтс, then the biographies of saints and, finally, an implausible имплосэбал story, i.e., a legend. in particular when borrowing, the amount of meaning of the word usually narrows, the meaning of the word becomes more special. For example, the words "donor", "producer", "diet", "time", "distance"The reason for the change in meaning may be changes in objective reality (changes in society, changes in the economic, political, social or scientific spheres of human activity are extralinguistic reasons).
The second reason is intrasystemic, linguistic changes:
* Ellipse - one word of the phrase is omitted, its meaning is transferred to another word (cut-price sale → sale, topropose marriage→topropose);
* Discrimination against synonyms (land-country);
* language analogy (tocatch,tograsp,toget meaning "understand").
7. Причины изменения значения слова.
The reason for the change in meaning may be changes in objective reality (changes in society, changes in the economic, political, social or scientific spheres of human activity are extralinguistic reasons).
The second reason is intrasystemic, linguistic changes:
* Ellipse - one word of the phrase is omitted, its meaning is transferred to another word (cut-price sale → sale, topropose marriage→topropose);
* Discrimination against synonyms (land-country);
* language analogy (tocatch,tograsp,toget meaning "understand").
8. Результаты изменения значения слова.
The results of semantic changes in the denotative component of the lexical value are narrowing and expanding the value.
Narrowing the meaning (concretization) assumes that the original meaning acts as generic (wider), and the modified meaning acts as one of its species (narrower), for example, the original meaning of the word deer (deer) was 'an animal'. It was used to designate all species of animals.
The extension of the value (generalization) assumes that the original value acts as a species (narrower), and the modified value acts as generic (wider). The consequence of the expansion of the value is an increase in the number of word references.
the word target was used in military affairs and meant "target (in shooting)". Now it means "plan; task, goal
The results of semantic changes in the connotative component of the lexical meaning are the improvement and deterioration of the meaning.
Improvement (upminence) of meaning - strengthening of positive emotional assessment in the connotative component of lexical meaning.
Deterioration of value - strengthening of negative emotional assessment in the connotative component of lexical meaning. For example, the original meaning of the word knave (rade, scoundrel) is 'boy'.