19. Тезаурус. Принципы составления тезауруса. Интерактивный тезаурус.

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20. Сочетания свободные /несвободные (коллокации и коллигации). Понятие фразеологической единицы.

The term collocation refers to the company words keep. Bacon collocates with eggs. Rancid collocates with butter. Health collocates with and safety. In very recent years, apologies collocates with for any inconvenience caused. Collocations can be in any relation – within the phrase, clause, or above clause level. They can stay stable for centuries: aid goes with and abet, and has done since Anglo-Norman French was the language of the law. They can also shift rapidly: people didn’t call each other a silly juggins before the mid 1800s and they haven’t done so for several decades. But the collocation silly juggins occurs in novels by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle (The Three Correspondents, 1896), Jerome K. Jerome (Paul Kelver, 1902), Compton Mackenzie (The Early Life and Adventures of Sylvia Scarlet, 1918), Agatha Christie (The Seven Dials Mystery, 1929) and others of that generation. Go to the Google Ngram Viewer  and type in “silly juggins ” – you’ll see a heyday of usage in the decade 1910-1920, with a flanking of vanguard and rearguard users, and what is probably restricted usage from the 1940s onwards – restricted to literature written for children, or in more recent decades, ironic use.

Colligation is a type of collocation where a lexical item is tied to a grammatical one. It’s not the end of the world is a common locution, however, its synonym it’s not Armageddon is not. The phrase the end of the world colligates with the negative, whereas Armageddon doesn’t. Collocation and colligation are therefore useful ways of looking at synonyms: words may mean the same thing, but turn out to keep different company.

The border-line between free or variable word-groups and phraseological units is not clearly defined.

The free word-groups are only relatively free as collocability of their member-words is fundamentally delimited by their lexical and syntactic valency.

Phraseological units are comparatively stable and semantically inseparable.

Between the extremes of complete motivation and variability of member-words and lack of motivation combined with complete stability of the lexical components and grammatical structure there are innumerable border-line cases.

There are differences between word-groups and phraseological units

The difference often is in the interrelation of lexical components, e.g.:Blue ribbon (or red, brown, etc.), but blue ribbon – an honour given to the winner of the first prize in a competition – no substitution is possible in a phraseological unit;

Stretch one’s legs – размять ноги, прогуляться (а не «протянуть ноги»),

See eye to eye – быть полностью согласным (а не «видеться с глазу на глаз»),

Under one’s hand – за собственной подписью (а не «под рукой»),

Stew in one’s own juice – страдать по своей собственной глупости (а не «вариться в собственном соку»).

In free word-groups each of its constituents preserves its denotational meaning.

In the case of phraseological units however the denotational meaning belongs to the word-group as a single semantically inseparable unit. For example, compare a free word-group a white elephant (белый слон) and a phraseological unit white elephant (обуза, подарок, от которого не знаешь как избавиться).

Distinctive features of free-word groups and phraseological units

Free word-groups are but relatively free: they may possess some of the feature’s characteristic of phraseological units.

On the other hand, phraseological units are heterogeneous. Alongside absolutely unchangeable phraseological units, there are expressions that allow some degree of substitution. Phraseology is concerned with all types of set expressions including those that stand for certain sentences.