62. Give advice to do or not to do something using the following word combina­tions.

Model: to write in pencil

You ought to write in pencil.

You ought not to write in pencil.

1. to cross the street here, 2. to work it out for yourself, 3. to explain the rule in Russian, 4. to give your own examples, 5. to play this game in the yard, 6. to tell mother about it, 7. to underline the patterns in the text, 8. to ask her to the party.

Pattern 32

Criticism of a Past Action

smb ought (not) to have done smth — (не) треба було, не слід

E.g. I. You ought to have warned me what to expect. 2. She ought not to have tried.

63. Criticize the actions mentioned in the following sentences.

Model: 1. She did not write to thank them.

She ought to have written.

2. She was wearing her best hat and it was ruined.

She ought not to have worn it.

1. I took Mother's favourite cup to meаsure the sugar and broke it. 2. I spoke too fast I'm afraid. The children did not quite follow" what I was saying. 3. I did not explain where I could be reached in case of emer­gency. 4. He did not even count the money. Just slipped it into the bag. 5. I'm afraid I forgot to type a letter. 6. She did not work enough. She's quite a bright child really. 7. We did not realise it was so grave. 8. The children did not eat any lunch. They were so excited.

III. The suppositional meaning: near certainty about the present or the future only.

Pattern 33

Near Certainty

smb ought to be, to become, to know smth—певно, ймовірно

E.g. 1. Flowers ought to grow well here. 2. She ought to make a good teacher.

64. Change the following statements into expressions of near certainty by using 'ought''+infinitive.

Model: She is a clever child. Вона розумна дитина. She ought to be a clever child. Певно, вона розумна дитина.

1. The climate is rather mild here. 2. This is just her size. 3. She will come by the eight fifteen. 4. The summer will be cold and rainy. 5. There will be many mistakes in this test. 6. They will make a good couple. 7. This will be good for you. 8. She's very fond of children.

Note 20. Do not use ought to express near certainty. Use must or the modal word probably in negative sentences or sentences referring to the future. It is more usual.

65. Translate the following sentences. Stale whether the verb 'ought' is used to denote advice, criticism of a past action or near certainty:

1. I think you ought to apologize, Fred. 2. This is what he said and he ought to know. 3. She ought not to have said that. She lost her tem­per. 4. Such things ought to be attended to at once. 5. You ought not to have taken this attitude. It was most unwise. 6. She ought to be here long before that time. 7. Nothing ought to have influenced you. Nothing at all. 8. You ought not to say so even if you do think it. 9. There ought to be someone to look after those children. 10. They ought to win easily, but one-never can tell with any degree of certainty about that team.

Will

The modal verb will has two forms of the indicative mood: the pres­ent tense will and the past tense would.

The modal verb will has the following meanings:

I. The primary meaning: volition.

It is used speaking about living beings and things alike.

Pattern 34