42. Change the meaning of the following sentences. Use the verbs 'need' and 'have' to show that the actions are n о t necessary. Give two variants in each case.

Model: I really must speak to her about it.

I needn't speak to her about it.

I don't have to speak to her about it.

1. She must work so hard to improve her speech habits. 2. I must go there every day. 3. They have to write dictations three times a week. 4. They must walk from the station. 5. The children must wear their skiing outfits. 6. We must do all the exercises in written form.

The Perfect Infinitive used after need shows that an unnecessary ac­tion was done.

Pattern 22

Absence of Necessity for a Performed Action

smb needn’t have done smth — можна було і не робити

E.g. I, I needn't have gone there. They had done everything by the time I came. 2. We needn't have been in such a hurry. We have nearly twenty minutes before our train leaves.

Did not have + infinitive simply shows that there was no necessity for the action in the past without showing whether the action was per­formed or not.

Pattern 23

Absence of Necessity in the Past

smb didn’t have to do smth — можна було не робити не прийшлось робити

E.g. 1. I did not have to go to the office so I went for a long walk. 2. I did not have to buy a dictionary, my brother gave me one.

Patterns 22 and 23 are not equivalents.

43. Paraphrase the following sentences. Use ‘needn't+Perfect Infinitive’ to show that an unnecessary action was carried out. Use 'did not have to' to show that an action was unnecessary in the past.

Model: 1. I’m sorry I changed before dinner. Nobody else did.

I needn't have changed before dinner. Nobody else did.

2. I'm so glad it was not necessary for me to take this examination in spring.

I'm so glad I did not have to take that examination in spring.

1. They did not make us buy a full ticket for Andy. We saved some money that way. 2. It was not necessary to explain the rules to them. They made no mistakes of this kind. 3. They did not expect us to write outlines and I wasted so much time on mine! 4. I'm sorry I bought these gloves. Mother gave me better ones for my birthday. 5. It was a comfort­able' journey because it was not necessary to change anywhere. 6. It is a pity you walked. There is a bus which could take you here in ten min­utes.

Use of Modal Verbs to Express Necessity

Time of the action	Necessity	Absence of necessity	Expected or planned action
the present	I must leave you now. Here comes my bus. I have to leave you now. Here comes my bus.	I needn't leave now. There's plenty of time. I don't have to leave now. There's plenty of time.	I am to leave on the fifth. Everything is settled.
the past	I had to leave her because my bus came.	I did not have to leave because there was plenty of time. I needn't have left.	Everything was settled and I was to leave on the fifth.
the future	I'll have to leave her to catch my bus.	I won't have to leave. It's only ten to five.	—