32. Translate into English. Give two variants in each case:

1. Він сказав, що я повинен чекати його тут. 2. Не смійте нічого чіпати в саду. 3. Ви обов’язково повинні поговорити з нею про це. 4. За столом не розмовляють. 5. Зараз же передрукуйте цей лист. 6. Нікому не виходити з кімнати.

III. The suppositional meaning: near certainty

Pattern 20

Near Certainty

smb	must be smth; must be doing smth; must have been smth; must have done smth; must have been doing smth

E.g. 1. She must be about twenty. 2. She must have been about twenty.

We use the Indefinite infinitive speaking about the present, the Per­fect infinitive speaking about the past.

Note 13. When we express near certainty about an action in the present we mostly use the Continuous infinitive after must (with the exception of such verbs as to be, to love, to hate, to know, etc.) not to confuse the patterns of primary and suppositional meanings.

Compare: 1. He must take better care of his health. (primary meaning)

2. Не must be taking good care of his health. (suppositional meaning)

33. Translate into Ukrainian:

1. You must speak to her about it. 2. He must be speaking to her about it. 3. He must live in the Crimea because of his lungs. 4. He must be living somewhere in the Crimea. 5. He must be working very hard. 6. He must work hard if he wants to get anywhere. 7. She must do her shopping, in the afternoon. 8. She must be doing her shopping in the afternoon. 9. You must read more books in the original. 10. He must be reading books in the original.

34. Refer the statement to the past by changing the form of the infinitive.

Model: 1. She must know about it.

2. She must have known about it.

1. They must be playing in the school-yard. 2. You must know her very well. 3. She must be very fond of you. 4. This must be the dog's owner. 5. She must be laughing at you. 6. They must be taking you quite seriously. 7. The situation must be rather grave. 8. They must be great friends. 9. Somebody must be trying to frighten you away. 10. They must be doing their lessons.

35. Paraphrase the following sentences, using 'must''+ infinitive to express near certainty. Use the Indefinite infinitive when speaking about the present, the Perfect infinitive when speaking about the past:

1. No doubt she read about it in the papers. 2. He is sure to be out at this time. 3. Of course she has changed her mind. 4. Probably they wanted to find a short cut through the forest. 5. They are certain to be looking for you. 6. Apparently she was trying to make up her mind about it. 7. No doubt they abandoned the car afterwards. 8. They are sure to have taken the wrong turning. 9. He is sure to be waiting for you at the office. 10. Probably they have taken the necessary steps.

Note 14. Must can not be used to express near certainty about a negative or a future action. In such cases we use the modal word probably.

Compare: 1. He must know about it.

2. Probably he does not know about it.

36. Translate the following sentences into English. Use 'must'+ infinitive or 'probably' where necessary.

Model: 1. Він, мабуть, добре розмовляє англійською.

Не must speak English well.

2. Він, мабуть, не знає англійської мови.

Probably he does not know English.

3. Він, мабуть, буде говорити англійською.

Probably he will speak English.

1. Очевидно, вони ще тут. 2. Очевидно, він нас впізнав. 3. Мабуть, спектакль їй не сподобався. 4. Вірогідно, ви багато тренуєтесь. 5. Мабуть, вона вас не розуміє. 6. Очевидно, вони приїдуть завтра. 7. Мабуть, вони стояли тут. 8. Очевидно, вони бачили його портрет в газетах. 9. Мабуть, їй про це розповіли. 10. Очевидно, це важче, ніж ви сподівались.

37. Translate the following sentences. State in what meaning the modal verb 'must' and its equivalents are used. Name the pattern and give the Russian equivalents.

1. She must be younger than you thought. 2. You must pay more attention to details. 3. You're not to speak to her again, not ever. 4. She must have done something to her hair; it looks ever so much nicer. 5. And ₀ you are not to breathe a word to anybody about this. 6. It must have taken some time to cut a passage through these bushes. 7. They were to come and stay with us. 8. It's Miss Arnold's birthday and I'm to make a speech. 9. This problem must be solved before we can do anything. 10. Whatever he says you must not stop writing. 11. I'll have to speak to them about that dog. It's getting dangerous. 12. The day we were to start it rained worse than ever. 13. You'll have to go home now, Georgie. Go straight home. And remember you're not to come here any more. 14. Just think how she must be suffering. 15. There comes a day when one has to decide. 16. A good coach must be patient. 17. I had to take a long chance. 18. And what am I to do if they come when you're out? 19. You must do what you are told. 20. You must go out and post it at once.

38. Paraphrase the following sentences so as to express very strong doubt, strong doubt or doubt about the action taking place. Paraphrase the sentences so as to show that you are practically certain of the action taking place. Pay attention to whether the action refers to the present or the past and use the Indefinite or Perfect infinitive correspondingly.

Model: 1. She knows it perfectly well.

She can't know it perfectly well.

Can she know it perfectly well?

She may know it perfectly well.

She must know it perfectly well.

2. She saw it herself.

She can't have seen it herself.

Can she have seen it herself?

She may have seen it herself.

She must have seen it herself.

3. She wears her hair shoulder length.

She can't be wearing her hair like that.

Can she be wearing her hair like that?

She may be wearing her hair like that.

She must be wearing her hair like that.

1. They were all out. 2. She reads only detective stories. 3. She makes all her dresses herself. 4. She advised him to do it. Б. He gave up the idea of taking a teaching job. 6. She complained of the children making too much noise. 7. She wears glasses now. 8. She's a very good cook.