- •The verbal categories of voice and mood.
- •The morphological structure of a word. Types of morphemes.
- •A short history of the origins and development of English.
- •Word-composition. Classification of compound words.
- •Phraseological units and their classification.
- •Phonetics means of stylistics.
- •Expressive means of English syntax.
- •The verb as a part of speech. Subclasses of verbs.
- •Noun determiners. The article. The problem of the zero article.
- •Words of native origin and their characteristics
- •Finite and non-finite forms of the verb. The category of finitude.
- •Periodization of the history of the English language.
- •Polysemy. The semantic structure of a polysemantic word.
- •Synonyms. The sources of synonymy.
- •Classifications of English verbs.
- •The morphological structure of a word. Types of morphemes
- •Homonyms. Classification. Origin of homonyms.
- •The verbal categories of voice and mood.
- •Antonyms. Semantic and morphological classifications.
- •Phonetic Expressive Means and Stylistic Devices.
- •Types of word meaning.
- •Free word-groups and their classification.
- •Lexical Expressive Means and Stylistic Devices.
- •Phraseology: Principles of Classification
- •The Interaction of Different Types of Lexical Meaning.
- •General characteristics of language as a functional system.
- •Phraseology: Word-Groups with Transferred Meanings.
- •Affixation.
- •General principles of grammatical analysis
- •The Noun. General characteristics.
- •Conversion.
- •Categorial structure of the word.
- •Composition.
- •Reduplication.
- •General characteristics of the grammatical structure of language.
- •General characteristics of the English verbs
- •4. **Mood:**
- •5. **Voice:**
- •Types of grammatical meaning.
- •Classifications of English verbs
- •Lexical Expressive Means and Stylistic Devices
- •Antonyms. Semantic and morphological classifications.
The verb as a part of speech. Subclasses of verbs.
The verb is a fundamental part of speech that expresses actions, states, or occurrences. Verbs are central to constructing sentences and conveying information about what is happening. They are often the core of a sentence and can be modified by various elements. Verbs have different subclasses based on their functions and characteristics.
### Basic Characteristics of Verbs:
1. **Action Verbs:**
- Express physical or mental actions. Examples include "run," "eat," "think."
2. **Linking Verbs:**
- Connect the subject of a sentence to a subject complement, indicating a state or condition. Common linking verbs include "is," "am," "are," "was," "were."
3. **Helping Verbs (Auxiliary Verbs):**
- Assist the main verb in a sentence, indicating tense, mood, voice, or aspect. Examples include "have," "is," "can," "will."
4. **Transitive Verbs:**
- Require a direct object to complete their meaning. For example, in the sentence "She read a book," "read" is a transitive verb, and "book" is the direct object.
5. **Intransitive Verbs:**
- Do not require a direct object. For example, in the sentence "He sleeps," "sleeps" is an intransitive verb.
### Subclasses of Verbs:
1. **Dynamic Verbs:**
- Also known as action verbs, dynamic verbs express actions or processes. Examples include "run," "sing," "write."
2. **Stative Verbs:**
- Express states, conditions, or situations that are not dynamic actions. Examples include "be," "seem," "know."
3. **Phrasal Verbs:**
- Consist of a main verb and one or more particles (prepositions or adverbs). Phrasal verbs often have a different meaning than the sum of their parts. Examples include "look up," "turn off," "give in."
4. **Modal Verbs:**
- Express modality, indicating possibility, necessity, ability, or permission. Examples include "can," "could," "should," "must."
5. **Regular and Irregular Verbs:**
- Regular verbs form their past tense and past participle by adding "-ed" to the base form (e.g., "walk" becomes "walked"). Irregular verbs have unique forms for the past tense and past participle (e.g., "go" becomes "went").
6. **Finite and Non-finite Verbs:**
- Finite verbs indicate a specific tense, person, and number. Non-finite verbs, such as infinitives ("to run") and gerunds ("running"), do not indicate tense, person, or number.
7. **Causative Verbs:**
- Indicate that someone or something is causing an action to happen. Examples include "make," "cause," "allow."
8. **Reflexive and Reciprocal Verbs:**
- Reflexive verbs indicate that the subject and the object are the same (e.g., "She washed herself"). Reciprocal verbs involve an action that is mutually performed by two or more individuals (e.g., "They hugged each other").
Understanding the subclasses of verbs is essential for constructing grammatically correct and meaningful sentences. Different verbs serve different purposes and convey various shades of meaning in language.