6. Phonetics means of stylistics.

Phonetics plays a significant role in stylistics, which is the study of linguistic style, especially as it relates to literary and artistic expression. The way words are pronounced, the sound patterns they create, and the overall phonetic features contribute to the stylistic elements of language.

1. **Rhythm and Meter:**

- The study of phonetics helps in understanding the rhythm and meter of spoken or written language. The arrangement of stressed and unstressed syllables, as well as variations in pitch and tempo, contributes to the stylistic features of poetry and prose.

2. **Alliteration and Assonance:**

- Phonetic features such as alliteration (repetition of initial consonant sounds) and assonance (repetition of vowel sounds) are stylistic devices commonly used in literature. These devices contribute to the musicality of language and are often employed for aesthetic purposes.

3. **Onomatopoeia:**

- Onomatopoeia involves the use of words that imitate the sound they describe. Phonetics is crucial in capturing and conveying these sound imitations, creating vivid and expressive language. For example, words like "buzz," "hiss," or "clang."

4. **Sound Symbolism:**

- Certain phonetic features may be chosen for their symbolic or emotive qualities. For instance, the use of harsh consonant sounds may evoke a sense of tension or conflict, while soft sounds can create a more calming or gentle atmosphere.

5. **Intonation and Tone:**

- The study of phonetics helps in understanding how variations in pitch, intonation, and tone contribute to the overall expression of meaning. Changes in pitch or tone can convey emotions, attitudes, or emphasis, influencing the stylistic quality of spoken language.

6. **Pronunciation as a Stylistic Choice:**

- Authors and speakers may deliberately choose certain pronunciations or accents to convey character traits, social backgrounds, or regional affiliations. This choice of pronunciation becomes a stylistic element, contributing to the overall characterization and tone of a text.

7. **Rhyme and Rhyme Scheme:**

- Phonetic features play a crucial role in creating rhyme and establishing rhyme schemes in poetry. The repetition of similar sounds at the end of lines contributes to the musicality and stylistic impact of the poem.

8. **Plosives, Fricatives, and Consonant Clusters:**

- The choice and arrangement of specific phonetic elements, such as plosives (explosive sounds like "p" or "t"), fricatives (sounds produced by friction, like "s" or "f"), or consonant clusters, can contribute to the overall texture and tone of language.

In summary, phonetics is a valuable tool in the analysis of stylistic elements, providing insights into the sound patterns, rhythm, and expressive qualities of language in various forms of communication, including literature and spoken discourse.

7. Expressive means of English syntax.

Expressive means in English syntax refer to the linguistic tools and structures used to convey emotions, emphasis, or additional meaning beyond the literal content of the words. These means allow speakers or writers to express their attitudes, feelings, or intentions more vividly.

1. **Exclamatory Sentences:**

- Exclamatory sentences are characterized by an exclamation mark and are used to express strong emotions or exclamations. For example, "What a beautiful day!" or "How amazing!"

2. **Interjections:**

- Interjections are short exclamatory words or phrases that express strong emotions. Examples include "Wow," "Oh," "Alas," or "Bravo."

3. **Emphatic Constructions:**

- Emphatic constructions involve the use of special structures or word order to emphasize a particular element in a sentence. For example, "It was John who ate all the cookies" places emphasis on "John."

4. **Repetition:**

- Repeating words, phrases, or sentence structures can be used for emphasis and to highlight certain points. For instance, "I told you, I told you!" emphasizes the speaker's insistence or frustration.

5. **Ellipsis:**

- The omission of certain words or elements in a sentence, known as ellipsis, can be used for expressive purposes. For example, "The more, the merrier" or "Actions speak louder than words."

6. **Rhetorical Questions:**

- Rhetorical questions are asked not for the purpose of receiving an answer but to make a point or emphasize a statement. For example, "Who do you think you are?" or "Isn't it a beautiful day?"

7. **Hyperbole:**

- Hyperbole involves exaggerating for emphasis or effect. It is a form of figurative language that adds intensity to a statement. For example, "I've told you a million times" or "It took forever to finish that assignment."

8. **Parallelism:**

- Parallelism involves presenting ideas in a balanced or parallel structure. This repetition of similar grammatical structures can enhance the rhetorical effect and add emphasis. For example, "Easy come, easy go" or "Like father, like son."

9. **Anaphora:**

- Anaphora is a rhetorical device that involves repeating a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses or sentences. This creates emphasis and can evoke strong emotions. For example, "I have a dream" (Martin Luther King Jr.'s famous speech).

10. **Asyndeton and Polysyndeton:**

- Asyndeton involves omitting conjunctions between words or clauses, creating a rapid, intense rhythm. Polysyndeton, on the other hand, involves using multiple conjunctions. Both can be used for expressive effects. For example, "I came, I saw, I conquered" (asyndeton) or "They laughed and talked and danced and sang" (polysyndeton).

These expressive means in English syntax contribute to the richness and nuance of language, allowing speakers and writers to convey their emotions, attitudes, and intentions more effectively.