- •The verbal categories of voice and mood.
- •The morphological structure of a word. Types of morphemes.
- •A short history of the origins and development of English.
- •Word-composition. Classification of compound words.
- •Phraseological units and their classification.
- •Phonetics means of stylistics.
- •Expressive means of English syntax.
- •The verb as a part of speech. Subclasses of verbs.
- •Noun determiners. The article. The problem of the zero article.
- •Words of native origin and their characteristics
- •Finite and non-finite forms of the verb. The category of finitude.
- •Periodization of the history of the English language.
- •Polysemy. The semantic structure of a polysemantic word.
- •Synonyms. The sources of synonymy.
- •Classifications of English verbs.
- •The morphological structure of a word. Types of morphemes
- •Homonyms. Classification. Origin of homonyms.
- •The verbal categories of voice and mood.
- •Antonyms. Semantic and morphological classifications.
- •Phonetic Expressive Means and Stylistic Devices.
- •Types of word meaning.
- •Free word-groups and their classification.
- •Lexical Expressive Means and Stylistic Devices.
- •Phraseology: Principles of Classification
- •The Interaction of Different Types of Lexical Meaning.
- •General characteristics of language as a functional system.
- •Phraseology: Word-Groups with Transferred Meanings.
- •Affixation.
- •General principles of grammatical analysis
- •The Noun. General characteristics.
- •Conversion.
- •Categorial structure of the word.
- •Composition.
- •Reduplication.
- •General characteristics of the grammatical structure of language.
- •General characteristics of the English verbs
- •4. **Mood:**
- •5. **Voice:**
- •Types of grammatical meaning.
- •Classifications of English verbs
- •Lexical Expressive Means and Stylistic Devices
- •Antonyms. Semantic and morphological classifications.
Word-composition. Classification of compound words.
Word composition involves combining two or more words to create a new word, known as a compound word. Compound words are an essential aspect of language, providing a means to express complex concepts and ideas. There are various types of compound words, and they can be classified based on their structure and the relationship between the constituent words.
1. **Closed or Solid Compounds:**
- In closed compounds, the constituent words are written together as a single word without spaces. For example: "notebook," "sunset," "baseball."
2. **Open Compounds:**
- Open compounds consist of two separate words. There is a space between the words, and they are not joined. For example: "ice cream," "post office," "science fiction."
3. **Hyphenated Compounds:**
- Hyphenated compounds include a hyphen between the constituent words. This is common when the combination of words might be confusing or when a specific meaning is intended. Examples include "mother-in-law," "well-being," "high-tech."
4. **Endocentric Compounds:**
- In endocentric compounds, one of the constituent elements functions as the head or core, and the compound has a meaning related to that head. For example, "blackboard" has the head "board," and the compound refers to a type of board.
5. **Exocentric Compounds:**
- Exocentric compounds do not have a head that determines the meaning of the compound. Instead, the meaning is inferred from the relationship between the words. An example is "pickpocket," where the compound doesn't explicitly have a head but refers to a type of thief.
6. **Copulative or Appositional Compounds:**
- In copulative compounds, the two words are connected by a conjunction, often "and." For example, "knife and fork," "salt and pepper." In appositional compounds, the words are placed side by side without a conjunction, like "ladies' man."
7. **Determinative or Attributive Compounds:**
- In determinative compounds, one word modifies the other to specify or limit its meaning. For example, "raincoat" specifies the type of coat. Attributive compounds, on the other hand, have a more equal relationship between the words, like "sunflower."
Understanding the classification of compound words helps in analyzing their structure and meaning, contributing to a deeper understanding of language and its nuances.
Phraseological units and their classification.
Phraseological units are fixed combinations of words with a specific meaning that differs from the meanings of their individual components. These units often have a level of idiomaticity, meaning that their meaning is not entirely predictable based on the meanings of the individual words. Phraseological units can include idioms, collocations, and other fixed expressions
1. **Idioms:**
- **Idiomatic expressions** are groups of words whose meaning is not deducible from the literal meanings of the individual words. For example, "kick the bucket" means to die, but the meaning is not obvious from the individual words.
2. **Collocations:**
- **Collocations** are combinations of words that frequently appear together due to linguistic convention. They can be grammatically correct but have a strong association. Examples include "take a shower," "make a decision," or "catch a cold."
3. **Proverbs:**
- **Proverbs** are short, traditional expressions that convey a piece of wisdom or a general truth. For example, "Every cloud has a silver lining" or "Actions speak louder than words."
4. **Set Phrases:**
- **Set phrases** are fixed expressions that are commonly used in specific contexts. Examples include greetings like "How are you?" or expressions like "by the way" and "on the other hand."
5. **Binomials (or Binomial Expressions):**
- **Binomials** are pairs of words or expressions joined by a conjunction, often "and" or "or," and they are used together in a fixed order. Examples include "salt and pepper," "black and white," or "odds and ends."
6. **Clichés:**
- **Clichés** are overused expressions or ideas that have lost their originality or impact due to frequent use. Examples include "as cool as a cucumber" or "avoid it like the plague."
7. **Slang Expressions:**
- **Slang expressions** are informal words or phrases that are not part of standard language but are commonly used in certain social groups or subcultures. Examples include "chill out," "hang out," or "beat around the bush."
8. **Euphemisms:**
- **Euphemisms** are mild or indirect expressions used to replace harsh or unpleasant ones. For example, "pass away" instead of "die" or "let go" instead of "fire."
Understanding phraseological units is crucial for effective communication, as these expressions often carry cultural and contextual meanings that go beyond the literal interpretation of the words involved.