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The verbal categories of voice and mood.docx
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  1. Classifications of English verbs

English verbs can be classified in various ways based on their grammatical features, functions, or meanings.

1. **Transitive and Intransitive Verbs:**

- **Transitive Verbs:** These verbs require a direct object to complete their meaning. Example: "She eats (transitive) an apple."

- **Intransitive Verbs:** These verbs do not take a direct object. Example: "He sleeps (intransitive)."

2. **Regular and Irregular Verbs:**

- **Regular Verbs:** These verbs form their past tense and past participle by adding "-ed" to the base form. Example: walk/walked/walked.

- **Irregular Verbs:** These verbs have irregular forms in the past tense and past participle. Example: go/went/gone.

3. **Action and State Verbs:**

- **Action Verbs:** These verbs express a physical or mental action. Example: run, think, write.

- **State Verbs:** Also known as stative verbs, these express a state of being or a condition. Example: like, know, belong.

4. **Dynamic and Stative Verbs:**

- **Dynamic Verbs:** Similar to action verbs, dynamic verbs express actions and processes. Example: play, eat, dance.

- **Stative Verbs:** Similar to state verbs, stative verbs express states, conditions, or ongoing situations. Example: love, own, seem.

5. **Auxiliary (Helping) Verbs:**

- These verbs help the main verb in a sentence by indicating aspects, tenses, or modality. Common auxiliaries include "be," "have," and "do."

6. **Modal Verbs:**

- Modal verbs express necessity, possibility, ability, permission, or likelihood. Examples include can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would, must.

7. **Phrasal Verbs:**

- Phrasal verbs consist of a main verb and one or more particles (prepositions or adverbs). Example: look up, give in, break down.

8. **Regular and Irregular Transitive Verbs:**

- **Regular Transitive Verbs:** These transitive verbs follow a regular pattern in forming their past tense and past participle. Example: play/played/played.

- **Irregular Transitive Verbs:** These transitive verbs have irregular forms in the past tense and past participle. Example: take/took/taken.

9. **Regular and Irregular Intransitive Verbs:**

- **Regular Intransitive Verbs:** These intransitive verbs follow a regular pattern in forming their past tense and past participle. Example: laugh/laughed/laughed.

- **Irregular Intransitive Verbs:** These intransitive verbs have irregular forms in the past tense and past participle. Example: go/went/gone.

10. **Causative Verbs:**

- Causative verbs indicate the action of causing someone or something to do something. Examples include make, let, have.

11. **Reciprocal Verbs:**

- Reciprocal verbs express a mutual action or relationship between two or more participants. Example: They hugged each other.

These classifications help linguists and language learners understand the various properties and functions of English verbs, facilitating effective communication and language analysis.