- •The verbal categories of voice and mood.
- •The morphological structure of a word. Types of morphemes.
- •A short history of the origins and development of English.
- •Word-composition. Classification of compound words.
- •Phraseological units and their classification.
- •Phonetics means of stylistics.
- •Expressive means of English syntax.
- •The verb as a part of speech. Subclasses of verbs.
- •Noun determiners. The article. The problem of the zero article.
- •Words of native origin and their characteristics
- •Finite and non-finite forms of the verb. The category of finitude.
- •Periodization of the history of the English language.
- •Polysemy. The semantic structure of a polysemantic word.
- •Synonyms. The sources of synonymy.
- •Classifications of English verbs.
- •The morphological structure of a word. Types of morphemes
- •Homonyms. Classification. Origin of homonyms.
- •The verbal categories of voice and mood.
- •Antonyms. Semantic and morphological classifications.
- •Phonetic Expressive Means and Stylistic Devices.
- •Types of word meaning.
- •Free word-groups and their classification.
- •Lexical Expressive Means and Stylistic Devices.
- •Phraseology: Principles of Classification
- •The Interaction of Different Types of Lexical Meaning.
- •General characteristics of language as a functional system.
- •Phraseology: Word-Groups with Transferred Meanings.
- •Affixation.
- •General principles of grammatical analysis
- •The Noun. General characteristics.
- •Conversion.
- •Categorial structure of the word.
- •Composition.
- •Reduplication.
- •General characteristics of the grammatical structure of language.
- •General characteristics of the English verbs
- •4. **Mood:**
- •5. **Voice:**
- •Types of grammatical meaning.
- •Classifications of English verbs
- •Lexical Expressive Means and Stylistic Devices
- •Antonyms. Semantic and morphological classifications.
The morphological structure of a word. Types of morphemes.
The morphological structure of a word refers to its internal structure and the way it can be broken down into smaller units called morphemes. Morphemes are the smallest units of meaning in a language. There are two main types of morphemes: free morphemes and bound morphemes.
1. **Free Morphemes:**
- These are morphemes that can stand alone as a complete word and carry meaning by themselves.
- Examples include words like "book," "run," "happy," and "dog."
2. **Bound Morphemes:**
- These are morphemes that cannot stand alone but must be attached to a free morpheme to convey meaning.
- There are two types of bound morphemes: prefixes and suffixes.
- **Prefixes:** These are morphemes added to the beginning of a word to modify its meaning. For example, in "unhappy," "un-" is a prefix.
- **Suffixes:** These are morphemes added to the end of a word to alter its meaning. In "happiness," "-ness" is a suffix.
**Examples of words broken down into morphemes:**
- **Unhappiness:**
- "Un-" (prefix) + "happy" (root or free morpheme) + "-ness" (suffix)
- **Rerun:**
- "Re-" (prefix) + "run" (free morpheme)
**Additional concepts related to morphological structure:**
- **Root:** The core morpheme to which prefixes and suffixes can be added. In the word "happi-ness," "happi-" is the root.
- **Stem:** Similar to the root, it is a form to which affixes (prefixes and suffixes) are added. In the word "runn-ing," "runn-" is the stem.
- **Inflectional Morphemes:** These are bound morphemes that indicate grammatical information such as tense, number, or case. For example, the "-s" in "dogs" indicates plural.
Understanding the morphological structure of words helps linguists analyze language patterns and derive meanings from individual units.
A short history of the origins and development of English.
The history of the English language is complex and spans over a millennium. It has evolved through various stages, absorbing influences from different languages and undergoing significant changes in structure and vocabulary.
1. **Old English (450-1150 AD):**
- The earliest form of the English language is known as Old English or Anglo-Saxon. It developed from the languages spoken by the Germanic tribes that migrated to England during the early medieval period.
- Key influences came from Old Norse due to Viking invasions in the 8th and 9th centuries.
2. **Middle English (1150-1500 AD):**
- The Norman Conquest of 1066 had a profound impact, introducing French influences into English. The ruling class spoke French, while the common people spoke English. This led to a merging of the two languages, resulting in Middle English.
- Geoffrey Chaucer's "The Canterbury Tales" is a notable work from this period, showcasing the evolving language.
3. **Early Modern English (1500-1700 AD):**
- The printing press, introduced by William Caxton in 1476, played a crucial role in standardizing English and making it more accessible.
- The Renaissance brought about a revival of classical learning, influencing vocabulary and literary styles.
- The Great Vowel Shift (1400-1600) marked a significant change in the pronunciation of vowels.
4. **Late Modern English (1700-Present):**
- The 18th century saw the rise of prescriptive grammar and dictionaries, such as Samuel Johnson's "A Dictionary of the English Language."
- The British Empire spread English across the globe, leading to regional variations and the development of new dialects.
- The Industrial Revolution and technological advancements in the 19th and 20th centuries introduced new words and expressions.
5. **Contemporary English:**
- English has become a global lingua franca, spoken by millions of people worldwide.
- The rise of the internet and globalization has accelerated the pace of language change, with new words and expressions constantly emerging.
- English continues to evolve, adapting to the needs of its speakers and incorporating influences from various cultures.
Throughout its history, English has demonstrated a remarkable ability to adapt and absorb linguistic influences, making it a dynamic and diverse language with a rich cultural and linguistic heritage.