- •The verbal categories of voice and mood.
- •The morphological structure of a word. Types of morphemes.
- •A short history of the origins and development of English.
- •Word-composition. Classification of compound words.
- •Phraseological units and their classification.
- •Phonetics means of stylistics.
- •Expressive means of English syntax.
- •The verb as a part of speech. Subclasses of verbs.
- •Noun determiners. The article. The problem of the zero article.
- •Words of native origin and their characteristics
- •Finite and non-finite forms of the verb. The category of finitude.
- •Periodization of the history of the English language.
- •Polysemy. The semantic structure of a polysemantic word.
- •Synonyms. The sources of synonymy.
- •Classifications of English verbs.
- •The morphological structure of a word. Types of morphemes
- •Homonyms. Classification. Origin of homonyms.
- •The verbal categories of voice and mood.
- •Antonyms. Semantic and morphological classifications.
- •Phonetic Expressive Means and Stylistic Devices.
- •Types of word meaning.
- •Free word-groups and their classification.
- •Lexical Expressive Means and Stylistic Devices.
- •Phraseology: Principles of Classification
- •The Interaction of Different Types of Lexical Meaning.
- •General characteristics of language as a functional system.
- •Phraseology: Word-Groups with Transferred Meanings.
- •Affixation.
- •General principles of grammatical analysis
- •The Noun. General characteristics.
- •Conversion.
- •Categorial structure of the word.
- •Composition.
- •Reduplication.
- •General characteristics of the grammatical structure of language.
- •General characteristics of the English verbs
- •4. **Mood:**
- •5. **Voice:**
- •Types of grammatical meaning.
- •Classifications of English verbs
- •Lexical Expressive Means and Stylistic Devices
- •Antonyms. Semantic and morphological classifications.
Categorial structure of the word.
The categorical structure of a word refers to its grammatical category or part of speech. Each word in a language is assigned to a specific category based on its syntactic and semantic functions within a sentence. The major grammatical categories include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections.
1. **Noun (N):**
- Nouns are words that name people, places, things, ideas, or concepts.
- Example: dog, city, happiness, love.
2. **Verb (V):**
- Verbs express actions, states, or occurrences.
- Example: run, eat, sleep, think.
3. **Adjective (Adj):**
- Adjectives modify or describe nouns, providing additional information about their qualities.
- Example: tall, beautiful, happy, red.
4. **Adverb (Adv):**
- Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs, indicating manner, place, time, or degree.
- Example: quickly, there, now, very.
5. **Pronoun (Pro):**
- Pronouns replace nouns to avoid repetition in a sentence.
- Example: he, she, it, they, me.
6. **Preposition (Prep):**
- Prepositions establish relationships between nouns or pronouns and other words in a sentence.
- Example: in, on, under, between.
7. **Conjunction (Conj):**
- Conjunctions connect words, phrases, or clauses in a sentence.
- Example: and, but, or, because.
8. **Interjection (Intj):**
- Interjections express strong emotions or reactions and are often standalone words or phrases.
- Example: wow, oh, hey, alas.
Understanding the categorial structure of words is crucial for syntactic analysis and constructing grammatically correct sentences. The arrangement and combination of words from different categories contribute to the overall structure and meaning of a sentence. Additionally, these categories play a significant role in linguistic analysis and the study of sentence formation and interpretation.
Composition.
Composition, in linguistic terms, refers to the process of forming new words by combining two or more existing words or morphemes. This word-formation process involves putting together elements to create a compound word or a phrase that expresses a specific concept or idea. Composition is a common mechanism for expanding vocabulary in many languages. There are two primary types of composition: endocentric and exocentric.
1. **Endocentric Composition:**
- In endocentric compounds, one component functions as the head or primary element, determining the overall meaning of the compound.
- The other component modifies or specifies the head.
- Example: "toothbrush" (head: brush; modifier: tooth) - A toothbrush is a type of brush specifically designed for cleaning teeth.
2. **Exocentric Composition:**
- In exocentric compounds, the compound as a whole doesn't belong to the category represented by its components.
- The meaning of the compound is not a straightforward combination of its parts.
- Example: "redhead" (head: person; modifier: red) - A redhead refers to a person with red hair. The compound does not represent a type of "person."
Examples of composition in English:
- **Noun-Noun Composition:**
- "Starfish" (star + fish) - A marine animal with a star-shaped body.
- "Lighthouse" (light + house) - A tower with a light to guide ships.
- **Verb-Noun Composition:**
- "Breakfast" (break + fast) - The first meal of the day, breaking the fast from the previous night.
- "Checkout" (check + out) - The action of finalizing a purchase or leaving a hotel.
- **Adjective-Noun Composition:**
- "Blackboard" (black + board) - A dark-colored board for writing with chalk.
- "Sweetheart" (sweet + heart) - A person loved for being kind and affectionate.
- **Adverb-Adjective Composition:**
- "Softly-spoken" (softly + spoken) - Speaking in a gentle or quiet manner.
- "Well-behaved" (well + behaved) - Acting in a good or polite manner.
Composition is a productive and flexible process that allows languages to evolve and adapt to new concepts and ideas. It contributes to the richness and diversity of vocabulary by creating compound words that efficiently convey specific meanings.