
- •The verbal categories of voice and mood.
- •The morphological structure of a word. Types of morphemes.
- •A short history of the origins and development of English.
- •Word-composition. Classification of compound words.
- •Phraseological units and their classification.
- •Phonetics means of stylistics.
- •Expressive means of English syntax.
- •The verb as a part of speech. Subclasses of verbs.
- •Noun determiners. The article. The problem of the zero article.
- •Words of native origin and their characteristics
- •Finite and non-finite forms of the verb. The category of finitude.
- •Periodization of the history of the English language.
- •Polysemy. The semantic structure of a polysemantic word.
- •Synonyms. The sources of synonymy.
- •Classifications of English verbs.
- •The morphological structure of a word. Types of morphemes
- •Homonyms. Classification. Origin of homonyms.
- •The verbal categories of voice and mood.
- •Antonyms. Semantic and morphological classifications.
- •Phonetic Expressive Means and Stylistic Devices.
- •Types of word meaning.
- •Free word-groups and their classification.
- •Lexical Expressive Means and Stylistic Devices.
- •Phraseology: Principles of Classification
- •The Interaction of Different Types of Lexical Meaning.
- •General characteristics of language as a functional system.
- •Phraseology: Word-Groups with Transferred Meanings.
- •Affixation.
- •General principles of grammatical analysis
- •The Noun. General characteristics.
- •Conversion.
- •Categorial structure of the word.
- •Composition.
- •Reduplication.
- •General characteristics of the grammatical structure of language.
- •General characteristics of the English verbs
- •4. **Mood:**
- •5. **Voice:**
- •Types of grammatical meaning.
- •Classifications of English verbs
- •Lexical Expressive Means and Stylistic Devices
- •Antonyms. Semantic and morphological classifications.
Phraseology: Word-Groups with Transferred Meanings.
Phraseology encompasses the study of word combinations, and within this field, there are word-groups with transferred meanings. Transferred meanings, often referred to as figurative or non-literal meanings, involve the use of words in contexts where their meaning goes beyond the literal interpretation.
1. **Metaphor:**
- **Definition:** Metaphor involves a figure of speech in which a word or phrase is applied to an object or action to which it is not literally applicable, implying a resemblance or analogy.
- **Example:** "Time is a thief." Here, the word "thief" is used metaphorically to convey the idea that time takes away moments.
2. **Metonymy:**
- **Definition:** Metonymy involves substituting the name of one thing with the name of something closely associated with it.
- **Example:** Referring to the king as "the crown" or using "the White House" to represent the U.S. government are examples of metonymy.
3. **Synecdoche:**
- **Definition:** Synecdoche is a type of metonymy where a part of something is used to represent the whole or vice versa.
- **Example:** Referring to "all hands on deck" means all people, not just their hands.
4. **Irony:**
- **Definition:** Irony is the use of words to convey a meaning that is opposite to their literal interpretation or a situation where the outcome is different from what is expected.
- **Example:** Saying "What a beautiful day" when it's raining heavily expresses irony.
5. **Simile:**
- **Definition:** Simile involves comparing two unlike things using "like" or "as."
- **Example:** "As brave as a lion" or "She is like a rose."
6. **Personification:**
- **Definition:** Personification attributes human characteristics to non-human entities or abstract concepts.
- **Example:** "The wind whispered through the trees" gives human-like qualities to the wind.
7. **Oxymoron:**
- **Definition:** An oxymoron is a combination of contradictory or opposing words to create a paradoxical effect.
- **Example:** "Deafening silence" or "bitter sweet" are examples of oxymorons.
8. **Euphemism:**
- **Definition:** Euphemism involves the use of mild or indirect words or expressions to replace harsh or unpleasant ones.
- **Example:** Saying "passed away" instead of "died."
9. **Cliché:**
- **Definition:** A cliché is an overused phrase or expression that has lost its originality or impact.
- **Example:** "Time will tell" or "as good as gold."
10. **Idioms:**
- **Definition:** Idioms are expressions with meanings that cannot be deduced from the literal meanings of their individual words.
- **Example:** "Kick the bucket" means to die, but the words individually don't convey this meaning.
Understanding word-groups with transferred meanings is crucial for effective communication, as it allows speakers and writers to convey ideas in a more vivid, expressive, or nuanced manner. These figurative expressions often add depth and richness to language use.