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The verbal categories of voice and mood.docx
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  1. Phraseology: Word-Groups with Transferred Meanings.

Phraseology encompasses the study of word combinations, and within this field, there are word-groups with transferred meanings. Transferred meanings, often referred to as figurative or non-literal meanings, involve the use of words in contexts where their meaning goes beyond the literal interpretation.

1. **Metaphor:**

- **Definition:** Metaphor involves a figure of speech in which a word or phrase is applied to an object or action to which it is not literally applicable, implying a resemblance or analogy.

- **Example:** "Time is a thief." Here, the word "thief" is used metaphorically to convey the idea that time takes away moments.

2. **Metonymy:**

- **Definition:** Metonymy involves substituting the name of one thing with the name of something closely associated with it.

- **Example:** Referring to the king as "the crown" or using "the White House" to represent the U.S. government are examples of metonymy.

3. **Synecdoche:**

- **Definition:** Synecdoche is a type of metonymy where a part of something is used to represent the whole or vice versa.

- **Example:** Referring to "all hands on deck" means all people, not just their hands.

4. **Irony:**

- **Definition:** Irony is the use of words to convey a meaning that is opposite to their literal interpretation or a situation where the outcome is different from what is expected.

- **Example:** Saying "What a beautiful day" when it's raining heavily expresses irony.

5. **Simile:**

- **Definition:** Simile involves comparing two unlike things using "like" or "as."

- **Example:** "As brave as a lion" or "She is like a rose."

6. **Personification:**

- **Definition:** Personification attributes human characteristics to non-human entities or abstract concepts.

- **Example:** "The wind whispered through the trees" gives human-like qualities to the wind.

7. **Oxymoron:**

- **Definition:** An oxymoron is a combination of contradictory or opposing words to create a paradoxical effect.

- **Example:** "Deafening silence" or "bitter sweet" are examples of oxymorons.

8. **Euphemism:**

- **Definition:** Euphemism involves the use of mild or indirect words or expressions to replace harsh or unpleasant ones.

- **Example:** Saying "passed away" instead of "died."

9. **Cliché:**

- **Definition:** A cliché is an overused phrase or expression that has lost its originality or impact.

- **Example:** "Time will tell" or "as good as gold."

10. **Idioms:**

- **Definition:** Idioms are expressions with meanings that cannot be deduced from the literal meanings of their individual words.

- **Example:** "Kick the bucket" means to die, but the words individually don't convey this meaning.

Understanding word-groups with transferred meanings is crucial for effective communication, as it allows speakers and writers to convey ideas in a more vivid, expressive, or nuanced manner. These figurative expressions often add depth and richness to language use.