- •The verbal categories of voice and mood.
- •The morphological structure of a word. Types of morphemes.
- •A short history of the origins and development of English.
- •Word-composition. Classification of compound words.
- •Phraseological units and their classification.
- •Phonetics means of stylistics.
- •Expressive means of English syntax.
- •The verb as a part of speech. Subclasses of verbs.
- •Noun determiners. The article. The problem of the zero article.
- •Words of native origin and their characteristics
- •Finite and non-finite forms of the verb. The category of finitude.
- •Periodization of the history of the English language.
- •Polysemy. The semantic structure of a polysemantic word.
- •Synonyms. The sources of synonymy.
- •Classifications of English verbs.
- •The morphological structure of a word. Types of morphemes
- •Homonyms. Classification. Origin of homonyms.
- •The verbal categories of voice and mood.
- •Antonyms. Semantic and morphological classifications.
- •Phonetic Expressive Means and Stylistic Devices.
- •Types of word meaning.
- •Free word-groups and their classification.
- •Lexical Expressive Means and Stylistic Devices.
- •Phraseology: Principles of Classification
- •The Interaction of Different Types of Lexical Meaning.
- •General characteristics of language as a functional system.
- •Phraseology: Word-Groups with Transferred Meanings.
- •Affixation.
- •General principles of grammatical analysis
- •The Noun. General characteristics.
- •Conversion.
- •Categorial structure of the word.
- •Composition.
- •Reduplication.
- •General characteristics of the grammatical structure of language.
- •General characteristics of the English verbs
- •4. **Mood:**
- •5. **Voice:**
- •Types of grammatical meaning.
- •Classifications of English verbs
- •Lexical Expressive Means and Stylistic Devices
- •Antonyms. Semantic and morphological classifications.
Types of word meaning.
Word meaning can be classified into several types based on the aspects of language and cognition they represent.
1. **Denotative Meaning:**
- Refers to the literal, dictionary definition of a word.
- Example: "Cat" denotes a small domesticated carnivorous mammal.
2. **Connotative Meaning:**
- Refers to the emotional, cultural, or subjective associations that a word carries beyond its literal definition.
- Example: "Home" may connote warmth, comfort, and safety.
3. **Associative Meaning:**
- Relates to the connections and mental links a word has with other words or concepts in a person's mind.
- Example: "Ocean" may be associated with "waves," "beach," and "seagulls."
4. **Referential Meaning:**
- Concerns the real-world entities or events that a word points to or represents.
- Example: "Tree" refers to a large, woody plant.
5. **Social Meaning:**
- Involves the social and cultural context in which a word is used, considering factors such as formality, politeness, or social status.
- Example: "Greetings" may vary in social meaning depending on the context.
6. **Affective Meaning:**
- Relates to the emotional impact or tone conveyed by a word.
- Example: "Ecstatic" has a positive affective meaning, while "Melancholy" has a more negative one.
7. **Collocative Meaning:**
- Refers to the associations a word has with certain words or types of words, forming typical word combinations or collocations.
- Example: "Strong coffee," where "strong" collocates with "coffee."
8. **Stylistic Meaning:**
- Concerns the level of formality, register, or stylistic choice associated with a word.
- Example: "Purchase" may be more formal than "buy."
9. **Grammatical Meaning:**
- Involves the role a word plays in a sentence, including its grammatical category (noun, verb, adjective, etc.) and syntactic function.
- Example: In the sentence "She runs," "runs" has the grammatical meaning of a verb.
10. **Idiomatic Meaning:**
- Relates to the special or figurative meaning a word may have in certain idiomatic expressions.
- Example: "Kick the bucket" means to die, and its idiomatic meaning is different from the literal meanings of its individual words.
Understanding these various dimensions of word meaning is crucial for interpreting language in different contexts and for effective communication. Words often carry layers of meaning that go beyond their basic definitions.
Free word-groups and their classification.
Free word-groups, also known as phrases, are combinations of words that form a syntactic unit but do not constitute a complete sentence. They are categorized based on their internal structure and the relationship between the words within the group.
### Noun Phrase (NP):
1. **Simple NP:**
- Consists of a single noun.
- Example: "Book."
2. **Modified NP:**
- Includes modifiers such as adjectives or determiners.
- Example: "Red book," "The big house."
3. **Compound NP:**
- Contains two or more nouns joined together.
- Example: "Science fiction," "University student."
### Verb Phrase (VP):
1. **Simple VP:**
- Consists of a main verb.
- Example: "Run," "Read."
2. **Complex VP:**
- Includes a main verb along with its auxiliaries or complements.
- Example: "is running," "has read."
3. **Compound VP:**
- Contains two or more main verbs.
- Example: "They swim and play."
### Adjective Phrase (AdjP):
1. **Simple AdjP:**
- Consists of a single adjective.
- Example: "Beautiful."
2. **Modified AdjP:**
- Includes adjectives with modifiers.
- Example: "Very beautiful," "Quite tall."
3. **Compound AdjP:**
- Contains two or more adjectives.
- Example: "Bright and colorful."
### Adverb Phrase (AdvP):
1. **Simple AdvP:**
- Consists of a single adverb.
- Example: "Quickly."
2. **Modified AdvP:**
- Includes adverbs with modifiers.
- Example: "Very quickly," "Quite slowly."
3. **Compound AdvP:**
- Contains two or more adverbs.
- Example: "Swiftly and smoothly."
### Prepositional Phrase (PP):
1. **Simple PP:**
- Consists of a preposition and its object.
- Example: "In the box," "Under the table."
2. **Complex PP:**
- Includes modifiers or complements.
- Example: "In the beautiful garden," "Underneath the old bridge."
### Interjection Phrase (IP):
1. **Single Interjection:**
- Consists of a single interjection.
- Example: "Wow!"
2. **Interjection with Words:**
- Includes interjections with additional words.
- Example: "Oh, no!"
These classifications help linguists and language learners understand the structure and functions of different types of phrases in sentences. Keep in mind that the boundaries between these categories are not always strict, and some phrases may exhibit characteristics of more than one type.