- •The verbal categories of voice and mood.
- •The morphological structure of a word. Types of morphemes.
- •A short history of the origins and development of English.
- •Word-composition. Classification of compound words.
- •Phraseological units and their classification.
- •Phonetics means of stylistics.
- •Expressive means of English syntax.
- •The verb as a part of speech. Subclasses of verbs.
- •Noun determiners. The article. The problem of the zero article.
- •Words of native origin and their characteristics
- •Finite and non-finite forms of the verb. The category of finitude.
- •Periodization of the history of the English language.
- •Polysemy. The semantic structure of a polysemantic word.
- •Synonyms. The sources of synonymy.
- •Classifications of English verbs.
- •The morphological structure of a word. Types of morphemes
- •Homonyms. Classification. Origin of homonyms.
- •The verbal categories of voice and mood.
- •Antonyms. Semantic and morphological classifications.
- •Phonetic Expressive Means and Stylistic Devices.
- •Types of word meaning.
- •Free word-groups and their classification.
- •Lexical Expressive Means and Stylistic Devices.
- •Phraseology: Principles of Classification
- •The Interaction of Different Types of Lexical Meaning.
- •General characteristics of language as a functional system.
- •Phraseology: Word-Groups with Transferred Meanings.
- •Affixation.
- •General principles of grammatical analysis
- •The Noun. General characteristics.
- •Conversion.
- •Categorial structure of the word.
- •Composition.
- •Reduplication.
- •General characteristics of the grammatical structure of language.
- •General characteristics of the English verbs
- •4. **Mood:**
- •5. **Voice:**
- •Types of grammatical meaning.
- •Classifications of English verbs
- •Lexical Expressive Means and Stylistic Devices
- •Antonyms. Semantic and morphological classifications.
The verbal categories of voice and mood.
In linguistics, voice and mood are two verbal categories that describe different aspects of a verb's form and function in a sentence.
1. **Voice:**
- **Active Voice:** In active voice, the subject of the sentence performs the action denoted by the verb. For example, in the sentence "The cat chased the mouse," the subject "cat" is performing the action of chasing.
- **Passive Voice:** In passive voice, the subject is the receiver of the action rather than the doer. Using the same example, a passive construction would be "The mouse was chased by the cat."
2. **Mood:**
- **Indicative Mood:** This is the most common mood and is used to make factual statements or ask questions. For example, "She is reading a book" or "Are you coming to the party?"
- **Imperative Mood:** This mood is used for commands or requests. For example, "Close the door" or "Please pass me the salt."
- **Subjunctive Mood:** This mood is used to express doubt, hypothetical situations, wishes, or recommendations. It often involves a hypothetical or unreal condition. For instance, "If I were you, I would go" or "I suggest that he be present at the meeting."
These categories help convey different nuances and meanings in language. The choice of voice and mood can affect how information is presented and perceived in a sentence.
Homonyms. Classification. Origin of homonyms.
Homonyms are words that share the same spelling or pronunciation but have different meanings. They can create confusion in language and are a common linguistic phenomenon. Homonyms can be classified into two main types: homophones and homographs.
### 1. Homophones:
- **Definition:** Homophones are words that have the same pronunciation but different meanings and may or may not have the same spelling.
- **Examples:**
- "bare" (without covering) and "bear" (the animal).
- "flour" (used in baking) and "flower" (a blooming plant).
- "write" (to inscribe with characters) and "right" (opposite of left).
### 2. Homographs:
- **Definition:** Homographs are words that share the same spelling but may have different pronunciations and meanings.
- **Examples:**
- "lead" (to guide or direct) and "lead" (a heavy metal).
- "tear" (to rip) and "tear" (a drop of saline fluid from the eye).
- "row" (a line of things) and "row" (to propel a boat with oars).
### Origin of Homonyms:
1. **Historical Change:**
- Over time, the meanings and pronunciations of words can change, leading to the development of homonyms. Historical shifts in language contribute to the creation of homonyms.
2. **Borrowing from Other Languages:**
- Words borrowed from different languages may have similar spellings or pronunciations but distinct meanings. The adoption of loanwords contributes to homonymy.
3. **Polysemy and Specialization:**
- Homonyms can arise through polysemy, where a word acquires multiple related meanings. Over time, these meanings may become distinct and develop into separate homonyms.
4. **Phonological Changes:**
- Sound changes in language can lead to the creation of homophones. Words that once had different pronunciations may become homophones due to phonological shifts.
5. **Word Formation Processes:**
- Word formation processes, such as derivation and compounding, can contribute to the development of homonyms. For example, affixes may be added to a base word, creating a new word with a distinct meaning.
6. **Semantic Shifts:**
- Semantic shifts can result in the emergence of homonyms. A word's meaning may undergo changes, leading to the coexistence of multiple meanings with the same spelling or pronunciation.
Understanding homonyms is crucial for effective communication, as misinterpretations can occur if the intended meaning is unclear. Context becomes essential in distinguishing between homonyms, allowing speakers and listeners to navigate potential ambiguity.