2. Read the text, change or add new information to your notes.

J.T. is a student at the national Film School. Each student has about 300 pounds with which to make a film. First of all he had to decide whether he would use a script or not. He decided against this and instead he found a group of actors, who were willing to work with him.

Then J. chose the crew: a cameraman who does all the shooting; a camera assistant who helps the cameraman, changes the film and helps with the lights. At the end of the day the camera assistant has to prepare the laboratory report sheets, which tell the lab exactly what is on each roll of film and how to print it.

There is also a soundman who has to make sure that all the sound is recorded. He usually works the tape recorder while the sound assistant works the microphone on the end of the sound boom. If a boom is not being used, the microphones have to be fixed in position beforehand. Alternatively, radio microphones have to be attached to the actors. The soundman has to keep a careful record of everything that goes on to the tapes, so that the director can identify, at a glance, what is on each tape.

In commercial films, there is a continuity girl who keeps a careful record of all the details in every shot. When the shots are done out of order the director can refer to her notes to make sure that everything is consistent.

The production manager is responsible for drawing up the shooting schedule, calculating the budget, paying the actors, booking the studio, arranging transport for the crew and the cast. He/she also has to get hold of all props and costumes. Finally he/she is responsible for providing the crew and the actors with lunch and cups of tea.

In commercial films there is usually a clapperboy. The clapperboard is filmed either at the beginning or at the end of each shot. On the board is marked the name of the film, the number of the shot, and whether it is the 1,2,3, etc. Take. The clapperboy shouts out the number of the shot and the take. - e.g. “24, take 1”. If something goes wrong, they will have to repeat the shot.

When the scene has been set up and the director wants the crew to start shooting, he calls out: “Run sound!”. The soundman calls out: “Sound running!” Then the director shouts: ’’Roll camera!” and the cameraman shouts: ’’Mark it!”. He points at the clapperboard, which the clapperboy is holding in front of the scene they are about to shoot. The clapperboy calls out:”23, take 1!” and bangs the arm of the clapperboard on the main part of the board. This makes a loud clap. The sound of the clap is recorded on the tape. The director will later be able to match the exact frame of the film to the moment of the clap on tape (to match the sound and film).

After the day’s shooting the director and the crew stay behind to look at rushes. Rushes do not include sound and are printed in the same order in which they were shot. The director and the crew check the rushes to see that everything is technically O.K. If any shots are unusable they make a note of these, in order to reshoot them.

Once the shooting is over, and the rushes have been shown, the director makes a rough-cut. This is a very rough version of what the film will be.

Then there is a long period of editing of both the picture and the sound. The director can add to the original sound track which has been recorded. He can put on different sound and music. Adding the sound is done last of all in a special sound studio.

Eventually the film is fully edited and is ready for distribution.

Language focus

Ex. 1. Explain the meanings of the following word combinations and use them in situations of your own:

1.	roll of film	9. to point at the clapperboard
2.	the sound boom	10. the take
3.	to keep a careful record of	11. to check rushes
4.	a continuity girl	12. to make a rough-cut
5.	to draw up the shooting schedule	13. editing of the picture
6.	to calculate the budget	14. to add sound
7.	props	15. sound studio
8.	a clapper boy
2.	Study the dictionary entry of the word “Point” and its derivatives.
Comment on the use of the following word combinations.
1.	weak point/strong point	8. to take someone’s point
2.	to stick/come to the point	9. to be off the point
3.	there is no point in	10. no /not much point in doing
4.	to be on the point of doing	something
	something	11. to point to something
5.	to score a point against/off/over	12. to point something at/towards
	against someone	13. to point something out
6.	to get/see/miss the point of	14. pointedly
	something	15. to ask/refuse point blank
7.	to make a point of doing	16. to be pointless to do something
	something

Ex. 3

1. In every branch of our spiritual and material civilization we seem to have reached a turning point. (V. Pritchett)

2. I bet you that Sir William will say to himself, there's no point in quarrelling with Jimson. (J. Cary)

3. The face itself gave an impression of angular sharpness, pointed chin and pointed nose. (McBain)

4. The music is soft and slow and insinuating. The thunder booms its counterpoint. (McBain)

5. The report ended and Dan switched off. The guy had a point. (N. Evans)

6. He didn't stick to the point too much, and they were always yelling "Digression!" at him. (J.D. Salinger)

7. I eat very little myself, but I make a point of having a proper dinner served to me every night. (W.S. Maugham)

8. Money sometimes was a sore point too. (A. Hailey)

9. She flashes him a contemptuous look and pointedly pulls the skirt down over her feet. (D. Lessing)

GET IT RIGHT!

1. Note: there is little/no point (in) + v-ing.

E.g. There is no point (in) complaining about the service, (not: There is no point to complain about the service.)

2. Note: point at is used in the meaning to aim something in a particular direction E.g. I had to spend 48 hours listening to him with a gun pointed at my head, (I had to spend 48 hours listening to him with a gun pointed to my head.)

3. Note: point of view means the position or angle from which someone. approaches a problem or situation - A good salesman should try to see thing from the customer's point of view. Opinion/view means what a person think about something. Point of view is usually used when referring to other people': opinions, not your own.

E.g. My opinion/view is that married women with young children should be able to work if they wish, (not: My point of view is that married women with young children should be able to work if they wish.

4. Note: in her view/opinion but from her point of view. E.g. From her point of view, there is only one solution, (not: In her point of view there is only one solution.)

TALKING POINTS

1.Write a list of ten things you consider ’entertainment’. Do you think there are any negative aspects to the things on your list?

2.Which of the types of entertainment would you choose for

• a night in with friends?

• a relaxing evening on your own?

• keeping up with the news?

3.Is there anything you don't like about any of these forms of entertainment?

4.What are the characteristics of these types of programme? Can you think of an example of each? Which do/don't you watch regularly? Why/Why not?

serial quiz show consumer programme sitcom soap panel game documentary current affairs programme costume drama

5.Match each of these adjectives to a film you have seen. What kind of film was it (e.g. action)? Can you summarise the plot in one sentence?

6.Read what these six people say about their work in films and match them with these jobs.

1 'I decide how a film is performed and shot.'

2 'I find the script, the director and the finance for the film.'

3 'I cut the film and put it together in the way that the director wants.'

4 'I find work for actors.'

5 'I decide what the set looks like, and decide on the actors' costumes and make-up/

6 'I choose the actors to play the characters in the film.'

7.Imagine that you do any three of these different jobs in television. With a partner, take it in turns to say what you do, and what you like or dislike about your job.

news reader presenter interviewer scriptwriter chat-show host foreign correspondent understudy stuntman/woman critic

8. What, for you, are the ingredients of a good film? Which film would you most like to have been in, and which part would you have played. Are there any films that you would like to remake? What changes would you make (e.g. to the setting, the characters, the ending) and who would you cast in it? What is censorship? Are there any circumstances in which it can be justified?

Translate into English.

1. Кінооператор — людина, що знімає фільм на камеру. Він відповідальний за образотворче рішення фільму. Оператор — фахівець, що знає образотворчі можливості освітлення, кіно- та відеоапаратури, оптичних приладів та створює образотворче рішення фільму спільно з режисером і художником. Він є однією з ключових фігур у створенні кіно- і телефільмів усіх видів: художніх, ігрових, документальних, наукових та багатьох інших.

2. Звукооператор керує роботою щодо створення і здійснення звукового вирішення фільму відповідно до загального художнього задуму. Повинен вести ретельний запис всього що відбувається на знімальному майданчику. Контролює роботу звукової бригади. Здійснює безпосередньо мовне і шумове озвучення та запис музики.

3. Керівник групи керує всією виробничо-економічною і фінансовою діяльністю знімальної групи, встановлює план зйомок, складає бюджет фільму, оплату акторам, замовляє студію, транспорт і відповідає за костюми та реквізит. Забезпечує нормальні умови роботи для знімальної групи. Визначає спільно з кінорежисером-постановником планове завдання на кожний знімальний день.

4. Директор та знімальна команда залишається для перегляду відзнятого матеріалу. Після завершення зйомок фільму режисер створює чорнову відеофонограму. Аж потім настає довгий період редагування зображення та звуку.