Уч. пособие_Грамматика_ин.яз (14)
.pdfand have my breakfast. I usually get up at 8 o’clock, take a shower, get dressed, have my breakfast and go to the University.
1.I (to do the exercise; to make up sentences; to write sentences; to translate sentences - the Present Continuous Tense) at the moment.
2.I (to do very much this morning; to walk a dog, to water flowers; to make coffee– the Present Perfect Tense).
3.Yesterday I (to come to the University at 9.00; to leave jacket in the cloakroom; to go to the lecture hall – the Past Simple Tense).
4.Before my friend entered our University he (to move to St. Petersburg to study at the Polytechnic university; to work part time; to get somebody’s driving license – the Past Perfect Tense).
5.Next year we (to become the second year students, to have lectures in special subjects, to have somebody’s summer practice – the Future Simple Tense).
6.This time tomorrow I (to enter the University, to show somebody’s pass card to the security, to say “Hello!” to somebody’s groupmates – the Future Continuous Tense).
7.This time yesterday my friends (to stay in the hostel room, to discuss somebody’s plans for the weekend, to joke at each other – the Past Continuous Tense).
8.I hope that by the time when I graduate from the University I (to get fundamental knowledge on the main specialized subjects, to finish several additional courses, to find a good job in my professional sphere – the Future Perfect Tense).
9.Every week I (to go in for sport, to jog in the park, to ride a bike or a scooter - the Present Simple Tense)
Упр. 9. Прочтите и переведите предложения. Напишите общие и специальные вопросы к предложениям. Для образования специальных вопросов используйте вопросительные слова в скобках.
1.My friend graduated from the Polytechnical University last year. (When? What University?)
2.Correspondence students come to the University once or twice a year to pass their exams. (What students? How often?)
3.As far as I know he applied to 3 universities the year before last. (How many? When?)
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4.Professor M. gives lectures at another University on Thursdays. It’s Thursday today so he has left. (Why? On what day?)
5.My group mate is from Pskov so he lives in the University hostel. (Where …from? Why?)
6.I will enter a Master’s program after the graduation from the Bachelor’s program. (What program? When?)
7.Our monitor is filling in the register. Don’t bother her! (Who? What?)
8.We are meeting our tutor next Tuesday. (Who? When?)
9.I have been reading for the exam in history for 3 hours already. (How long? What exam?)
10.My brother is applying to 3 universities. (Who? How many?)
11.Our tutor phoned me half an hour ago and asked me to come to the University. (When? What?)
12. He didn’t attend all lectures in sociology last month because he was ill. (What lectures? Why?)
Упр. 10. Сделайте выводы из предложенной информации – поставьте глаголы в скобках в соответствующее время:
1.He usually jogs in the park at 7 p.m. It’s 7 o’clock p.m., so he (to jog).
2.You started writing a test-paper at 10.00. Now it’s 11.00 but you are doing only the third (of 5) tasks. It means that you (not to finish) writing the testpaper yet.
3.Seven people were invited to the party. Now there are 7 people at the table. It means that everybody (to come).
4.Our group has lectures on history and dendrology on Fridays. It’s Friday today, so we (to have) 2 lectures today.
5.Lectures start at 9.15 but your lecturer is 10 minutes late. It means you (to wait) for 10 minutes.
6.He was not present at the lecture yesterday. It means he (to miss) the lecture.
7.He doesn’t have this information in his copy book. It means he (not to take notes) of the lecture.
8.I failed at the exam but I want to try again to pass it. So now I (to read up) for the exam.
9.You started learning English at the age of 5. Now you are 17 years old. It means you (to learn) English for 12 years.
10.My friend promised to help me with my homework. He is a very reliable person, so he (to help) me.
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11.When I was leaving home in the morning the fridge was nearly empty. But when I came home in the evening I found there a lot of tasty things. It means that my room mate (to buy) them before he went to the University.
12.I go in for sport on Monday, Wednesday and Thursday. It means I (to go) in for sport 3 times a week.
Упр. 11. Переведите предложения на английский язык.
1.Я часто гуляю в парке нашего университета.
2.Его телефон не работает, потому что он сейчас едет в университет на метро.
3.Я уже вышла из общежития – через 10 минут буду в университете.
4.Студенты вечернего отделения учатся и работают.
5.Мы только что получили стипендию
6.Я очень занят(а) – я пишу курсовую работу.
7.Мой одногруппник подрабатывал всё лето.
8.Студенты-магистры нашего университета примут участие в ежегодной конференции по экологии.
9.У нас лекции по математике каждый вторник.
10.Она училась на дневном отделении и была старостой группы. 11.Надеюсь, он получит «красный» диплом – он очень хорошо учится. 12.Я только что взяла словарь из библиотеки - там много англо-русских
словарей.
Упр. 12. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1.Мы часто пишем тесты на занятиях по английскому языку.
2.Ты уже сдал (to hand in) курсовую работу? – Нет, я всё еще работаю над ней.
3.Вчера я был на рок-концерте. Это было потрясающе!
4.Мои друзья собираются пойти в библиотеку на выходных.
5.Эмили работает над этим проектом уже несколько месяцев.
6.В прошлом году мы сдавали пять экзаменов.
7.Я почти никогда не опаздываю на занятия.
8.Мой друг Коля поступил в университет в этом году.
9.Кира и Лена готовились к контрольной работе, когда они получили
сообщение от старосты.
10.Леонид защитил магистерскую диссертацию в прошлом году.
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11.- Что ты делаешь? - Я сейчас пишу перевод по английскому языку. Завтра мне нужно его сдать.
12.Когда пришел Тимофей, его одногруппники писали тест уже двадцать минут.
13.Завтра к шести часам я как раз завершу работу. 14.Когда мы будем сдавать экзамен по физике? 15.На прошлой неделе мы сдали первый зачет.
16.Студенты всегда с нетерпением ждут зачисления стипендии.
17.Влад и Дима приняли участие в конференции на прошлой неделе, их проект занял второе место.
18.Катя хочет работать специалистом по охране окружающей среды.
19.Мы собираемся принять участие в фестивале. Будет здорово!
20.Мой друг вчера сдал последний экзамен.
Упр. 13. Прочтите и переведите предложения. Определите время и залог подчеркнутого сказуемого.
1.The breaking of branches and a heavy snort directly behind camp told us that a moose had been feeding under cover of darkness.
2.The heavy snow storm was blowing into the small hole in my tent. I knew I wouldn’t survive.
3.Food has been more written about and has triggered more quarrels than any other aspect in our today’s life.
4.For thousands of years the forest has provided a place of refuge, a source of money and food, an energy bank, a place of solitude, a treasure chest of legends and stories.
5.In Finland, 43% of new houses are built from wood.
6. Whole urban areas of wooden buildings are being restored. In earlier times people cut the wood from their forests or brought it from their neighbours and built the houses.
7.Most of the country’s wood products manufacturers also operate in rural areas.
8.Now the area is populated by young spruce and birch.
9.He valued wood far more than artificial material.
10.The new plant will be located close to pulp and paper mills and sawmills. 11.They are focusing their attention on the environment and sustainable
development.
12.For decades now, the forest industry has been working closely with universities and research institutes.
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13.Nowadays environmental awareness is growing worldwide.
14.In the tropics, some areas of forest, that had been destroyed by misuse and agriculture before everybody’s concern about the future of rainforests, are being reforested now.
15.The old trees will die, decay and provide vital habitats for many species. 16.These fuels will gradually be replaced by renewable forms of bioenergy:
sunlight, wind and biomass.
17.The durability, quality and recyclability of paper are being enhanced through biotechnology.
Упр. 14. Раскройте скобки, выбирая нужную форму глагола — в активном или пассивном залоге.
1.His discovery (discussed, was discussed) at the conference.
2.The old building of out university (situates, is situated) in the park.
3.My scientific advisor thinks we (have achieved, have been achieved) good results in our work.
4.Oaks and maples (will plant, will be planted) in the park next spring.
5.Professor Petrov (praised, was praised) for his new book on dendrology.
6.I (have asked, have been asked) to write a review of his book, and I must send it to the editor by Monday.
7.This site (contains, is contained) a lot of information which you may need.
8.Have you ever (given, been given) a present you don’t like at all? What was your reaction?
9.We are very busy, the trees in our garden (are pruning, are being pruned).
10.What if he (sends, is sent) us an invitation?
Упр. 15. Раскройте скобки и поставьте глагол в нужную форму (время, активный или пассивный залог).
1.In our city exotic trees (grow) mostly in parks and gardens.
2.Do you know how truffles (grow)? Is it difficult?
3.In the past gardens (to plant) around temples or palaces.
4.Perennial flowers (to plant) in the park, let us go and have a look.
5.We (to order) to stay here, so I think it’s better to obey.
6.The boss (order) us to finish the work by the next week. Do you think it’s possible?
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7.The problem you are interested in (discuss) at the meeting next Friday.
8.I think we (discuss) your idea in more details during our next meeting.
9.I thought John (to bring, already) the file with the documents.
10.He told us that the tools (to bring, already) to the workshop.
Упр. 16. Письменно переведите текст. Выпишите из пронумерованных предложений сказуемое и определите его время и залог. Если в предложении имеется несколько сказуемых, необходимо выписать их все.
Образец:
1.is formed - Present Simple Passive;
2.discharged – Past Simple Active
THE HYDROLOGY OF THE VUOKSI WATER SYSTEM
The Vuoksi water system is the largest of the joint Russian and Finnish water systems along the border, and its catchment area is 68,500 km2 with an areal percentage of lakes of 20 per cent. The total catchment area of the Vuoksi water system can be considered as three separate areas (1):
-The area which is formed by the central lake in the water system, Lake Saimaa (2);
-The main channel which is running from Lake Saimaa to Lake Ladoga – the River Vuoksi (3);
-The area which is formed by the northern fork of the Vuoksi with its own separate catchment area of about 3,500 km2 (4).
The Vouksi is used for energy production, holiday and recreational activity, agricultural business and residential construction (5). The varied and extraordinary hydrological and natural conditions of the Vuoksi water system and the beauty of its lakes and rivers have made the Vuoksi a unique ecological system in the world
(6).
Until 1857, the Vuoksi emptied into Lake Ladoga, but through human activity the present southern main riverbed of the Vuoksi, the Taipale-Burnaja, was formed (7). In the spring of 1818, a trench was dug between Lake Suvanto and Lake Ladoga (8). In the autumn of 1857, the Kiviniemi-Losevo isthmus was leveled and dredged, and since then the Vupksi has flowed into Lake Ladoga through Suvanto and the River Burnaja (9).
The Vuoksi water system is a complicated body of lakes and rivers, incorporating the main riverbed and many water areas formed by single lakes and
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rivers (10). Most of the lakes on the Karelian Isthmus are connected to the Vuoksi through a network of rivers, ditches and other flowing waters (11).
Many natural factors, as well as water discharged from the hydroelectric power plants, affect the flow in the main riverbed of the Vuoksi (12). The flow is evened out by the high areal percentage of lakes (20 per cent) in the catchment area of the whole water system (13); the effect of the spring floods is minimized when the water masses stay for long periods in the rivers and lakes of the Lake Saimaa area (14). The flow of the Vuoksi is ordinarily controlled on the Finnish side of the border (15).
The Finnish and Russian governments signed a mutual agreement regarding the water releases from Lake Saimaa and the Vuoksi, and it came into force in autumn 1991 (16). According to the water regulation rule, if the water is rising above or falling below normal, the amount of water releases will be adjusted accordingly (17). The rule of the water level regulation has been applied several times already (18).
Упр. 17. Письменно переведите текст. Выпишите из пронумерованных предложений сказуемое и определите его время и залог. Если в обозначенном предложении имеется несколько сказуемых, необходимо выписать все.
Образец:
1.is formed - Present Simple Passive;
2.discharged – Past Simple Active
POLLUTERS OF THE VUOKSI
The Vuoksi, as well as the lakes and rivers in its catchment area, is of supreme importance for Northwestern Russia. The Vuoksi is one of the primary rivers flowing into Lake Ladoga, and 27 per cent of Lake Ladoga’s incoming river water runs through it (1). The Vuoksi area is densely populated, highly industrialized and intensely farmed (2). In the last few years, the region has been a very popular holiday and tourist destination (3). Its biggest polluters are the industrial plants and residential districts. Nitrogen, phosphorus and other harmful and toxic substances are discharged into the water system (4).
Municipal waste water is treated at biological purification plants, activated sludge plants, biological filter plants (5). Pollution generated by agriculture has been estimated as hundreds of tonnes of chemical substances per year (6).
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The water quality of the Vuoksi has been monitored from the 1960s, so its development can be examined over a long period of time (7). On the Russian side, the Institute of Limnology has been regularly monitoring the biology of the Vuoksi: phytoplankton, zoobenthos and bacteria (8).
Material flows from both the Vouksi tributaries and the industrial plants discharging their effluent into the Vuoksi were measured not once (9). The results show that the water quality of the Vuoksi is deteriorating (10). The deterioration can be partly explained by natural processes in the water system, but human activity has the greatest effect on the water quality (11). A joint Russian-Finnish cooperation is needed in the field of conservation of the Vuoksi and in finding the mathematical model for assessing the effect of the pollution on the water quality of the Vuoksi (12).
Упр. 18. Переведите письменно текст на русский язык. Выпишите сказуемые в страдательном залоге и определите их время.
Образец: is controlled – Present Simple Passive
FLOWERING PLANTS
Flowering plants are divided into two main groups. These are the Dicotyledons (двудольное растение) and the Monocotyledons (однодольное растение). The Dicotyledons have broad leaves with veins running across them. Their flowers mostly have four or five petals. Their seeds contain two tiny leaves. These leaves are called seed-leaves or cotyledons (семядоля). These usually grow up when the seed begins to grow. They make food for the young plant until the proper leaves are ready. The Monocotyledons nearly all have narrow leaves with veins that run from top to bottom. Their flowers usually have three or six petals. Their seeds contain only one cotyledon.
The Dicotyledon and Monocotyledon groups are each split into smaller groups called families. The plants in each family have similar kinds of flowers, but their leaves and stems may be very different.
Some flowers, like the primrose (первоцвет) and buttercup (лютик), have petals all of the same shape. They are called regular flowers. Others, such as pea (горох), deadnettle (яснотка), and snapdragon (львиный зев) flowers, are called irregular flowers because their petals have several different shapes. Some flowers are called composites because they are made up of many tiny flowers, tightly packed together. The tiny flowers are called florets (цветок компактного соцветия). Daisies (маргаритка) and dandelions (одуванчик лекарственный)
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belong to the composite family. The florets in the centre of a daisy are like little tubes, but those near the edge have narrow blades which stick out like petals.
Упр. 19. Прочтите текст. Раскройте скобки, употребив сказуемое в английском предложении в нужном времени и залоге. Переведите текст на русский язык.
THE FLOWER
The flower (to be) the part of the plant where the seeds are made. The flowers can (to have) many different shapes and colours, but they nearly all (to consist of) four main parts. These (to be) the carpels, the stamens, the petals, and the sepals.
The carpels (to be) right in the centre of the flower. Some flowers (to have) only one carpel, while others (to have) several which can (to join) together. The upper part of the carpel (to be called) the stigma. The space inside the carpel (to call) the ovary. Inside the ovary there (to be) tiny eggs called ovules. These (to grow) and (to turn) into seeds, and the carpels (to turn) into fruit around the seeds.
The seeds cannot (to grow) without pollen. This (to be) a fine powder which (to make) in the stamens of the flower. The stamens (to carry) pollen in bags at the tips of their stalks.
Around the stamens, most flowers (to have) brightly coloured petals. The petals may (to separate) or they may (to join) together. Their bright colours (to attract) insects, which help to carry pollen from one flower to another so that the seeds can grow. Insects also (to like) the flowers’ sweet scent and its nectar. Pollen of some flowers (to carry) by the wind.
Outside the petals, most flowers (to have) green parts called sepals. These generally (to look) like tiny leaves and they (to protect) the flower before it (to open). In some flowers, such as tulips and lilies, the sepals (to colour). In others, such as the marsh marigold, they (to take) the place of the petals.
At the base of each flower there (to be) a swollen part of the stalk which (to call) the receptacle. It can (to be) round or shaped like a cup. In roses and apple blossom it completely (to surround) the carpels.
Упр. 20. В каждой паре предложений допишите второе так, чтобы оно было по смыслу близко к первому, употребляя подходящие модальные глаголы.
1.a. We are not allowed to enter the lab without permission. b. We ….. without permission.
2.a. I think it’s a good idea for you to ask your teacher for help.
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b.I think you ….. for help.
3.a. It is not difficult for us to solve such problems.
b.We ….. quite easily.
4.a. There is a good chance that he has already returned.
b.He ….. already returned.
5.a. It’s not OK for you to miss the lectures.
b.You ….. the lectures.
6.a. I’m perfectly sure Peter is in his office.
b.Peter ….. in his office.
7.a. It’s impossible for his theory to be correct!
b.His theory ….. correct!
8.a. There is a slight chance for us to finish the work today.
b.We ….. the work today.
9.a. It’s a pity you wrote the test so badly.
b.You ….. the test better.
10.a. I don’t think it was he who stole the treasure. b. He ….. the treasure.
Упр. 21. В каждой паре предложений допишите второе так, чтобы оно было по смыслу близко к первому.
1.a. We asked professor Smith to tell us about his latest research.
b.We said, “ Professor Smith, …..
2.a. I told him I was ready to start the experiment.
b.I said, “…..
3.a. The engineer asks if we agree with his idea.
b.The engineer asks, “…..
4.a. Mary states the series of tests has already been finished.
b.Mary says, “…..
5.a. Peter asked us not to interrupt him.
b.Peter said, “…..
6.a. The teacher said to me, “Read this book, it’s very interesting”.
b.The teacher …..
7.a. My colleagues say, “The experiment can be quite dangerous’.
b.My colleagues say the experiment …..
8.a. He asked, “What is this tool for?”
b.He asked the engineer …..
9.a. The professor asked me, “At what temperature does the water boil?”
b.The professor asked me …..
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