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Информационные системы и технологии

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BGNHJF:PBHGGU? KBKL?FU

B L?OGHEH=BB

2

Kh^_j`Zgb_

BGNHJF:PBHGGU? KBKL?FU_____________________ 5

H[s__ ij_^klZ\e_gb_ ___________________________________________ 5

Ihgylb_ bgnhjfZpbhgghc kbkl_fu ____________________________ 5

WlZiu jZa\blby bgnhjfZpbhgguo kbkl_f _______________________ 6 Ijhp_kku \ bgnhjfZpbhgghc kbkl_f_ __________________________ 7 Qlh fh`gh h`b^Zlv hl \g_^j_gby bgnhjfZpbhgguo kbkl_f ________ 8

Jhev kljmdlmju mijZ\e_gby \ bgnhjfZpbhgghc kbkl_f_ ___________ 9

H[sb_ iheh`_gby ___________________________________________ 9

KljmdlmjZ mijZ\e_gby hj]ZgbaZpb_c ___________________________ 9

I_jkhgZe hj]ZgbaZpbb ______________________________________ 12 Ijhqb_ we_f_glu hj]ZgbaZpbb _______________________________ 13

Ijbf_ju bgnhjfZpbhgguo kbkl_f _____________________________ 14

KLJMDLMJ: B DE:KKBNBD:PBY BGNHJF:PBHGGUO KBKL?F _____________________ 16

KljmdlmjZ bgnhjfZpbhgghc kbkl_fu ___________________________ 16

Lbiu h[_ki_qb\Zxsbo ih^kbkl_f ____________________________ 16 BgnhjfZpbhggh_ h[_ki_q_gb_________________________________ 16 L_ogbq_kdh_ h[_ki_q_gb_____________________________________ 18

FZl_fZlbq_kdh_ b ijh]jZffgh_ h[_ki_q_gb_ ___________________ 19

Hj]ZgbaZpbhggh_ h[_ki_q_gb_________________________________ 20 IjZ\h\h_ h[_ki_q_gb________________________________________ 20

DeZkkbnbdZpby bgnhjfZpbhgguo kbkl_f ih ijbagZdm kljmdlmjbjh\Zgghklb aZ^Zq ____________________________________ 21

Ihgylb_ kljmdlmjbjh\Zgghklb aZ^Zq___________________________ 21 Lbiu bgnhjfZpbhgguo kbkl_f bkihevam_fu_ ^ey j_r_gby qZklbqgh kljmdlmjbjh\Zgguo aZ^Zq____________________________________ 22

DeZkkbnbdZpby bgnhjfZpbhgguo kbkl_f ih nmgdpbhgZevghfm ijbagZdm b mjh\gyf mijZ\e_gby ________________________________ 24

Qlh hagZqZ_l nmgdpbhgZevguc ijbagZd ________________________ 24

Lbiu bgnhjfZpbhgguo kbkl_f _______________________________ 25

BgnhjfZpbhggZy kbkl_fZ hi_jZlb\gh]h hi_jZpbhggh]h mjh\gy __ 26 BgnhjfZpbhggu_ kbkl_fu ki_pbZebklh\_______________________ 27 BgnhjfZpbhggu_ kbkl_fu ^ey f_g_^`_jh\ kj_^g_]h a\_gZ _______ 28 KljZl_]bq_kdb_ bgnhjfZpbhggu_ kbkl_fu _____________________ 29

BgnhjfZpbhggu_ kbkl_fu \ nbjf_ ___________________________ 31

Ijhqb_ deZkkbnbdZpbb bgnhjfZpbhgguo kbkl_f_________________ 32

DeZkkbnbdZpby ih kl_i_gb Z\lhfZlbaZpbb______________________ 32

DeZkkbnbdZpby ih oZjZdl_jm bkihevah\Zgby bgnhjfZpbb_________ 33

DeZkkbnbdZpby ih kn_j_ ijbf_g_gby__________________________ 34

BGNHJF:PBHGGU? L?OGHEH=BB ________________ 35

3

Kh^_j`Zgb_

Ihgylb_ bgnhjfZpbhgghc l_ogheh]bb___________________________ 35

Hij_^_e_gb_ bgnhjfZpbhgghc l_ogheh]bb _____________________ 35 Gh\Zy bgnhjfZpbhggZy l_ogheh]by ___________________________ 36 Bgkljmf_glZjbc bgnhjfZpbhgghc l_ogheh]bb __________________ 37 DZd khhlghkylky bgnhjfZpbhggZy l_ogheh]by b bgnhjfZpbhggZy kbkl_fZ ___________________________________________________ 38

KhklZ\eyxsb_ bgnhjfZpbhgghc l_ogheh]bb ___________________ 39

WlZiu jZa\blby bgnhjfZpbhgguo l_ogheh]bc ___________________ 41

IjbagZd ^_e_gby \b^ aZ^Zq b ijhp_kkh\ h[jZ[hldb bgnhjfZpbb _ 41 IjbagZd ^_e_gby ijh[e_fu klhysb_ gZ imlb bgnhjfZlbaZpbb h[s_kl\Z__________________________________________________ 41

IjbagZd ^_e_gby \b^u bgkljmf_glZjby l_ogheh]bb ___________ 42

Ijh[e_fu bkihevah\Zgby bgnhjfZpbhgguo l_ogheh]bc __________ 43

MklZj_\Zgb_ bgnhjfZpbhgghc l_ogheh]bb _____________________ 43 F_lh^heh]by bkihevah\Zgby bgnhjfZpbhgghc l_ogheh]bb________ 43 <u[hj \ZjbZglh\ \g_^j_gby bgnhjfZpbhgghc l_ogheh]bb \ nbjf__ 45

<B>U BGNHJF:PBHGGUO L?OGHEH=BC _________ 47

BgnhjfZpbhggZy l_ogheh]by h[jZ[hldb ^Zgguo _________________ 47

OZjZdl_jbklbdZ b gZagZq_gb_ ________________________________ 47 Hkgh\gu_ dhfihg_glu ______________________________________ 48

BgnhjfZpbhggZy l_ogheh]by mijZ\e_gby _______________________ 49

OZjZdl_jbklbdZ b gZagZq_gb_ ________________________________ 49 Hkgh\gu_ dhfihg_glu ______________________________________ 50

:\lhfZlbaZpby hnbkZ__________________________________________ 51

OZjZdl_jbklbdZ b gZagZq_gb_ ________________________________ 51 Hkgh\gu_ dhfihg_glu ______________________________________ 53

BgnhjfZpbhggZy l_ogheh]by ih^^_j`db ijbgylby j_r_gbc ______ 58

OZjZdl_jbklbdZ b gZagZq_gb_ ________________________________ 58 Hkgh\gu_ dhfihg_glu ______________________________________ 59

BgnhjfZpbhggZy l_ogheh]by wdki_jlguo kbkl_f _________________ 64

OZjZdl_jbklbdZ b gZagZq_gb_ ________________________________ 64 Hkgh\gu_ dhfihg_glu ______________________________________ 65

DHGLJHEVGU? <HIJHKU__________________________ 68

4

BgnhjfZpbhggu_ kbkl_fu

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Ihgylb_ bgnhjfZpbhgghc kbkl_fu

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5

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WlZiu jZa\blby bgnhjfZpbhgguo kbkl_f

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<b^ bgnhjfZpbhgguo

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\j_f_gb

\Zgby bgnhjfZpbb

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1950 –

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Ih\ur_gb_ kdhjhklb

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b jZkq_lZ aZjieZlu

1960 –

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MijZ\e_gq_kdb_ bgnhj

Mkdhj_gb_ ijhp_kkZ

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ih^]hlh\d_ hlq_lh\

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ih^]hlh\db hlq_lgh

 

 

ijhba\h^kl\_gghc bg

klb

 

 

nhjfZpbb

 

1970 –

MijZ\e_gq_kdbc dhg

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^Z`

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a\_gZ mijZ\e_gby

 

1980 –

BgnhjfZpby kljZl_

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fZpbhggu_ kbkl_fu

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j_glgh_ ij_bfms_kl\h

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6

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7

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8

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JHEV KLJMDLMJU MIJ:<E?GBY < BGNHJF:PBHGGHC KBKL?F?

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H j ] Z g b a Z p b h gg Z y nmgdpby aZdexqZ_lky \ jZajZ[hld_ hj]ZgbaZ pbhgghc kljmdlmju b dhfie_dkZ ghjfZlb\guo ^hdmf_glh\ rlZlgh]h jZk ibkZgby nbjfu hl^_eZ eZ[hjZlhjbb ]jmiiu b l i k mdZaZgb_f ih^qbg_gghklb hl\_lkl\_gghklb kn_ju dhfi_l_gpbb ijZ\ h[yaZgghkl_c b l i QZs_ \k_]h wlh baeZ]Z_lky \ iheh`_gbb ih hl^_em eZ[hjZlhjbb beb

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M q_ l g Z y nmgdpby aZdexqZ_lky \ jZajZ[hld_ beb bkihevah\Zgbb m`_ ]hlh\uo nhjf b f_lh^h\ mq_lZ ihdZaZl_e_c ^_yl_evghklb nbjfu [mo ]Zel_jkdbc mq_l nbgZgkh\uc mq_l mijZ\e_gq_kdbc mq_l b l i < h[s_f kemqZ_ mq_l fh`gh hij_^_eblv dZd ihemq_gb_ j_]bkljZpbx gZdhie_gb_ h[jZ[hldm b ij_^hklZ\e_gb_ bgnhjfZpbb h j_Zevguo ohayckl\_gguo ijh p_kkZo

: g Z e b a beb ZgZeblbq_kdZy nmgdpby k\yau\Z_lky k bamq_gb_f blh ]h\ \uiheg_gby ieZgh\ b aZdZah\ hij_^_e_gb_f \ebyxsbo nZdlhjh\ \u y\e_gb_f j_a_j\h\ bamq_gb_f l_g^_gpbc jZa\blby b l ^ <uihegy_lky ZgZ eba jZagufb ki_pbZebklZfb \ aZ\bkbfhklb hl keh`ghklb b mjh\gy ZgZeb abjm_fh]h h[t_dlZ beb ijhp_kkZ :gZeba j_amevlZlh\ ohayckl\_gghc ^_y l_evghklb nbjfu aZ ]h^ b [he__ ijh\h^yl ki_pbZebklu Z gZ mjh\g_ p_oZ hl^_eZ f_g_^`_j wlh]h mjh\gy gZqZevgbd beb _]h aZf_klbl_ev kh\f_kl gh kh ki_pbZebklhf-wdhghfbklhf

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