116. Tumors of osteoarticular origin: origin, terminology, types. Macro-microscopic structure, complications, clinical significance.

Among bone tumors, bone-forming and cartilage-forming, giant cell and bone marrow tumors are distinguished. Benign bone-forming substances include:

- osteoma (develops in spongy and tubular bones, more often in the bones of the skull, extra-osseous occurs in the tongue and mammary gland) There is a spongy (built from randomly arranged bone beams between which fibrous connective tissue grows) and compact (an array of bone tissue devoid of the usual osteoid structure).

- benign osteoblastoma consists of anastomosing osteoid and partially calcified bone beams, between which there are many vessels and cellular fibrous tissue.

Benign cartilage-forming tumors:

- chondroma arises from hyaline cartilage. It is dense, built of randomly arranged mature hyaline cartilage cells enclosed in the base substance. Localization of the hand and foot, vertebrae, sternum, pelvic bones.

- a benign chondroblastoma differs from a chondroma in that it contains chondroblasts and a chondroid interstitial substance; the reaction of osteoclasts is more pronounced.

A giant cell tumor (osteoblastoclastoma) is localized in the lower jaw in young people, more often in women. It has the appearance of a well-delimited node, red in color with the presence of cysts. It leads to deformation of the jaw.

Benign synovioma arises from the synovial elements of the vaginas and tendons. It is built of polymorphic large cells between which bundles of connective woven fibers pass, there are few vessels.

Malignant: 1) synovial sarcoma is observed in large joints.

2) osteosarcoma (osteogenic sarcoma) is built from osteogenic tissue rich in atypical osteoblastic cells with a large number of mitoses. Osteoblastic and osteolytic forms are distinguished.

3. chondrosarcoma is characterized by polymorphism of cells with atypical mitoses, chondroid interstitial substance with foci of osteogenesis, ossification, necrosis. It is characterized by slow growth and late metastases.

117. Tumors of muscular origin: origin, terminology, types. Macro-microscopic structure, complications, clinical significance.

Benign: 1) leiomyoma is a tumor of smooth muscles. MMC bundles are arranged randomly, with layers of connective tissue between them, in which blood and lymphatic vessels pass. It can reach large sizes, especially in the uterus. Often, secondary changes occur in it in the form of necrosis, cysts, hyalinosis.

2) rhabdomyoma is a tumor of cells of striated muscles resembling embryonic muscle fibers and myoblasts. They often occur on the basis of tissue development disorders. For example, myocardial rhabdomyoma occurs when the development of the brain is impaired.

3) granular cell tumor (Abrikosov's tumor) is small in size, has a capsule, and is localized in the tongue, skin, and esophagus. It consists of cells whose cytoplasm is fine-grained. Abrikosov suggested that it develops from myoblasts.

Malignant: 1) leiomyosarcoma- differs from leiomyoma in pronounced cellular and tissue atypism, with a large number of mitoses.

2) rhabdomyosarcoma is a polymorphic structure, the cells lose their resemblance to striated muscles.

4. malignant granular cell tumor is a malignant analog of fibroids from myoblasts, it occurs extremely